Worlding Women

Gender, International Relations, and the Development of Feminist Security Theory

“…Peterson claims that a feminist rethinking of security must first inquire into how structural violence comes to be understood as natural and unproblematic and then work to politicize and reveal the historically contingent nature of such structures (1992a, 49). While women have long been peripheral to the decision-making processes of global capital, the international political economy can render women insecure through the gendered division of labor, the discounting of work in the home, the dictates of structural adjustment programs, the ravages of poverty, and the violence of sexual tourism and trafficking in women-all issues that generally do not get the attention of orthodox practitioners of IR (see Pettman 1996). Likewise, although the care of the environment, a transnational issue requiring collective action, is not a priority of IR theories that privilege the power and instrumental rationality of nation-states, Tickner contends that feminist configurations of security must take note of the need for global economic restructuring and urge a shift from the exploitation of nature to the reproduction of nature (1992).…”

Uluslararası Güvenliği Yeniden Düşünmek: Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplininde Feminist Eleştiriler

“…34 Dolayısıyla, Pettman'ın da belirttiği gibi güvenliğin siyaset/ordu boyutları incelendiğinde, feministlerin savaşın nedenlerine değil sonuçlarına odaklanmaya meyilli olduğu görülür. 35 Sylvester'ın vurguladığı gibi, feministlerin ulusal güvenliği eleştirmeleri tek başına yeterli değildir, aynı zamanda ataerkil bir kavram olarak herhangi bir düzensizliği, tutarsızlığı veya kontrol eksikliğini kabullenemeyen bir güvenlik fikrini de sorgulamaları gerekir. 36 Feminist perspektiften bakıldığında, bugünün küreselleşen dünyasında etnik çatışma, yoksulluk, aile içi şiddet ve çevre kirliliği gibi güvensizliğin pek çok formunun bireyleri etkilediği söylenebilir.…”

The contested spatialities of transnational activism: gendered gatekeeping and gender struggles in an African association of informal workers

“…They potentially shape the contours of the network, by excluding or 'policing' women's participation. As Hawkesworth (2006: 11) states, 'gender power operates through prohibitions, exclusions … that circumscribe women's lives' and keep women in place (Pettman 1996). I have thus sought to uncover how the spatialities of transnational networks become gendered and to expose some of the practices through which it happens.…”

“…Some feminist writers have emphasized, from a gender perspective, the importance of borders and boundaries in relation to the international and the transnational. Pettman (1996) discusses the power and violence deployed to maintain such borders and to keep women 'in place' and away from international politics. Mohanty (2006: 2) promotes a transnational feminism that is 'attentive to borders' (of various kinds) and to the 'containment that borders represent', while at the same time stressing 'the emancipatory potential of crossing' such borders.…”