Bringing into focus the two formal debates on the Responsibility to Protect that took place in 2009 and 2018, this article identifies the approaches of member states towards the humanitarian use of force by locating it in the UN’s deliberations on R2P. To this end, the article compares and contrasts country statements in order to trace states’ general approach towards humanitarian intervention on the basis of their reflections on R2P. Following from this, the article examines whether or not states’ approaches to humanitarian intervention have been transforming in the twenty-first century, and evaluates how the humanitarian use of force is perceived in relation to the R2P framework that was embraced by the member states of the UN General Assembly in 2005, and how this affects the future of R2P.
Although pipeline projects and Turkey's geostrategic location between energy-rich countries in the Caspian and Middle East regions have been underlined in Turkish foreign policy for more than two decades, few studies have focused on the role of energy security in Turkey's foreign policy. This chapter examines how the role of energy security in Turkish foreign policy has been constructed since 2004-when the Strategy Paper Concerning Electricity Market Reform and Privatization was issued (HPC 2004). It argues that the role of energy security in Turkish foreign policy was constructed both by the foreign policy elite's normative principles about regional economic interdependence-which defined the social purpose of energy security based on their beliefs about Turkey's cultural and historical ties in its neighbourhood-and by the material interests shared within the alliance between the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, JDP) government and business in conjunction with neo-liberal regulatory reform in the Turkish energy sector. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section 'Turkey's energy security and its asymmetric interdependence with gas suppliers' defines Turkey's energy-import dependency and highlights its puzzling asymmetric interdependence with gas suppliers. It also reviews early pipeline
Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini, geçmişten bu yana eril terimler kullanarak sınırlarını çizmektedir. Böylesi bir yaklaşım içerisinde kadının ya da toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkilerinin görünür olduğunu söylemek çok güçtür. Ne var ki, kadınlar devletlerarası ilişkilerin her zaman ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır ve dünyanın en önemli sorunları da toplumsal cinsiyet siyasetinden ayrı bir şekilde düşünülemez. Bu çalışmanın amacı Uluslararası İlişkiler'de feminist kuramın temel varsayımları çerçevesinde, feminizmin güncel uluslararası güvenlik sorunlarını anlamada nasıl yeni yollar sunduğunu incelemektir. Bu çerçevede, uluslararası feminist literatür güvenlik perspektifinden incelenecek ve sonrasında "Koruma Sorumluluğu"nun feminist eleştirileri çerçevesinde örneklendirilecektir.
Following the report of the ICISS in 2001, unanimous adoption of the concept of the responsibility to protect (R2P) in 2005 marked the milestone of a common understanding for responding to mass atrocities. In light of the transformations that R2P has gone through, while some in the mounting literature have been arguing that R2P is a developing legal norm, others have grown more critical of the concept. In the absence of a consensus regarding R2P's status, this article contributes to the literature by arguing that, rather than remaining a slogan or becoming a legal norm, R2P has evolved into an international ethical norm which constitutes a standard for appropriate behaviour for states individually and for the international community collectively. To this end, by distinguishing between the stages of the norm's construction and institutionalisation, the article traces R2P's evolution process and presents an up-to-date analysis in light of the most recent cases as well as the documents adopted within the UN.
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