“…A significant barrier to pain management in the ED was violence by patients or relatives, with participants in this study highlighting that ED workplace violence worked in a number of ways to deter effective pain management. Violence in the ED inhibits the nurses' ability to assess and manage patients' pain (Alyaemni & Alhudaithi, ; Cheung, Lee, & Yip, ). The quality of nursing care is altered in the presence of violence within the health care setting (Alyaemni & Alhudaithi, ; Cheung et al, ; Connolly, Byrne, Lydon, Walsh, & O'connor, ).…”