“…Other studies pinpointed specific toxic behaviors which can manifest in workplaces, such as ostracism, incivility and harassment (Anjum and Ming, 2018). In a stretch of time, researchers have thrown light on the common characteristics of a toxic workplace such as rewarding mediocre performance instead of merit-based performance, high employee turnover, managers who tend to lose their temper and are overly demanding, extreme focus only on self-advancement, negative emotional contagion and high stress among others (Colligan and Higgins, 2006;Gilbert et al, 2012;Sarkar et al, 2022). Frostand Robinson (1999 posited that personality traits, career setbacks, resistance to change, autocratic work environments, downsizing and other management actions spawned toxic behaviors and workspaces, and Wilde (2016) outlined the macro sources of toxicity which can contaminate the organization, classifying them into structural, cognitive, behavioral and symbolic sources.…”