Working Memory in Infancy: Six-Month-Olds′ Performance on Two Versions of the Oculomotor Delayed Response Task

Gilmore, Rick O.; Johnson, Mark H.

doi:10.1006/jecp.1995.1019

Cited by 71 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies have suggested that development is characterized by an increase in the effect of top-down control of prefrontal cortex on posterior regions (Brown et al, 2005;Casey et al, 2005;Gilmore and Johnson, 1995;Luna et al, 2001). Indirect evidence for these claims was provided by findings of increased activation with age in prefrontal regions during tasks of executive control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weaker top–down modulation from the left inferior frontal gyrus in children

Bitan

Burman

et al. 2006

NeuroImage

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Previous studies have shown that developmental changes in the structure and function of prefrontal regions can continue throughout childhood and adolescence. Our recent results suggested a role for the left inferior frontal cortex in modulating task-dependent shifts in effective connectivity when adults focus on orthographic versus phonological aspects of presented words. Specifically, the topdown influence of the inferior frontal cortex determined whether incoming word-form information from the fusiform gyrus would have a greater impact on the parietal areas involved in orthographic processing or temporal areas involved in phonological processing. In the current study, we find that children displayed an identical pattern of task-dependent functional activations within this network. In comparison to adults, however, children had significantly weaker top-down modulatory influences emanating from the inferior frontal area. Adult language processing may thus involve greater topdown cognitive control compared to children, resulting in less interference from task-irrelevant information.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weaker top–down modulation from the left inferior frontal gyrus in children

Bitan

Burman

et al. 2006

NeuroImage

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“…Four-month-old infants can learn to inhibit orienting to the peripheral target under such conditions (Johnson 1995b, Johnson et al 1994. Furthermore, Gilmore & Johnson (1995) have presented evidence suggesting that 6-month-olds can delay orienting for up to 5 sec after being cued to look to a particular location. Thus, it seems possible for infants to inhibit a saccadic response to a cue by 4 to 6 months of age.…”

Section: Suppression Of Saccadic Eye Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy

Colombo

2001

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

547

548

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Over the past decade, the study of attention in infancy has seen dramatic progress. This review delineates four attentional functions (alertness, spatial orienting, attention to object features, and endogenous attention) that are relevant to infancy and uses these functions as a framework for summarizing the developmental course of attention in infancy. Rudimentary forms of various attentional functions are present at birth, but each of the functions exhibits different and apparently dissociable periods of postnatal change during the first years of life. The role of attention in development should therefore be considered in the context of interaction among different systems at different levels of maturity during the first years of life.

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“…For example, Diamond and colleagues (e.g., Diamond, 1985;Diamond & Doar, 1989;Diamond & Goldman-Rakic, 1989) have proposed that the ability to tolerate increasingly long delays on the Piagetian A-not-B task and the delayed response task is made possible by the development of a specific region within the prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral region (although some authors have questioned this hypothesis; see Johnson, 1998;Nelson, 1995). Gilmore and Johnson (1995) have reported that 6-month-old infants can hold in working memory the spatial location of a cued target for as long as 4 s, which again suggests that some working memory capacity emerges during the infancy period.…”

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Functional neuroanatomy of spatial working memory in children.

Nelson¹,

Monk²,

Lin³

et al. 2000

Developmental Psychology

197

140

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine spatial working memory in 8-to 11-year-old children tested under three conditions. In the visual condition, children were asked to examine the location of a dot on a screen. In the motor condition, children were instructed to push a button that corresponded to the location of a dot presented on a screen. In the memory condition, children were asked to remember the location of a dot presented 1 or 2 trials previously. Subtracting the activation of the motor condition from the memory condition revealed activity in the dorsal aspects of the prefrontal cortex and in the posterior parietal and anterior cingulate cortex. These findings were also obtained in the analysis of the memory minus visual conditions except that motor cortex activation was also observed. These findings parallel those reported in comparable studies of adults and suggest that fMRI may be a useful means of examining function-structure relations in developmental populations.According to Baddeley (1986), working memory is the process of temporarily maintaining information in an active form so that it is available for further processing. Not surprisingly, this cognitive component may be involved in many common tasks such as planning, decision making, spatial navigation, and strategy use. In the context of development, it is likely that working memory may underlie the emergence of many abilities that are considered hallmarks of mature, higher level cognitive functions. In this article we explore the functional neuroanatomy of working memory in 8-to 11-year-old prepubescent children.In the adult, the neural substrate for working memory varies depending on what is required of the person (see Goldman-Rakic, 1996). For example, dorsal aspects of the frontal cortex (including the superior and middle frontal gyrus) may be disproportionately

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Working Memory in Infancy: Six-Month-Olds′ Performance on Two Versions of the Oculomotor Delayed Response Task

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Weaker top–down modulation from the left inferior frontal gyrus in children

Weaker top–down modulation from the left inferior frontal gyrus in children

The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy

Functional neuroanatomy of spatial working memory in children.

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