Woolly mammoth and Man at Krasnoyarskaya Kurya site, West Siberian Plain, Russia (excavation results of 2014)

Abstract

Detailed paleobiological and taphonomic analyses were carried out on the bone accumulations discovered during the 2014 excavations at the Krasnoyarskaya Kurya site, southeastern part of western Siberia (Russia). The fossiliferous site contains three bone-bearing horizons. Mammal remains are rare in the upper level and they were not found during the 2014 excavation. The middle and lower levels yielded exclusively remains of the woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius. The middle level (stratigraphic layer 5) is a result of an in situ accumulation in alluvial sediments. At least three individuals are identified: a juvenile (< 6–10 years old in AEY) of 1.8 m shoulder height and weighing 1 ton; a young adult (ca. 24 years old in AEY) and an old mammoth (> 43 years old in AEY) of 2.9 m of shoulder height and 3.8 t. Their remains were buried in conditions similar to those of a floodplain scroll/natural levee or an islet. Bones stayed on the subsurface for a long time, allowing thus carnivores to reach them easily. The lower level (stratigraphic layer 6) is composed of at least four animals: two juveniles (< 6–10 years old in AEY) and two adults (> 11–13 years old in AEY). The material only enables to determine that one juvenile is 1.5 m at shoulder height and weighs ca. 610 kg, while a young adult should have a body mass of ca. 1,600 kg. No human artefacts or any cut-marks on bones were found in either of these two levels during the 2014 excavation. However, the excavations carried out during the years 2007 to 2010 had allowed the discovery of Palaeolithic artefacts in the lower level, which was formed in alluvial-lacustrine conditions. This indicates that humans had visited this a priori in situ mammoth assemblage. It is likely that at the beginning of spring, the oxbow lake had trapped woolly mammoths. Humans and carnivores had then sorted out and taken away any useful remains. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the mammoth died at the early phase of the Last Glacial Maximum, at about 14C – 20 000 BP (~ 24 000 years cal BP). Isotopic analyses of the collagen from the mammoth remains argue that the animal was living at the time in a steppe landscape, which was dominated by grass-like vegetation.

The Volchia Griva mineral oasis as unique locus for research of the mammoth fauna and the late Pleistocene environment in Northern Eurasia

“…The results of isotopic studies demonstrate the special nutritional characteristics of the VG mammoth fauna. The very high mammoth δ 15 N values are noteworthy, and are expected for the ecosystem of the fertile forb-grass mammoth steppe under (Bocherens et al, 1996;Szpak et al, 2010;Drucker et al, 2015Drucker et al, , 2018Seuru et al, 2017;Kuitems et al, 2019;Kuzmin et al, 2021).…”

“…The δ 15 N ratios of the VG fox and wolves varied from 16.20-17.10‰, which significantly exceeds values for these carnivores during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (3.90-14.20‰). The δ 13 C values of the VG mammoths are in the middle of the range for this species, and the VG fox and wolf δ 13 C values are from −18.82‰ to −16.89‰, which are possibly the maximum for canids of Europe, Siberia, and Eastern Beringia (Bocherens et al, 1996;Bocherens and Drucker, 2003;Szpak et al, 2010;Drucker et al, 2015Drucker et al, , 2017Drucker et al, , 2018Jürgensen et al, 2017;Rabanus-Wallace et al, 2017;Seuru et al, 2017;Kuitems et al, 2019;Wißing et al, 2019;Kuzmin et al, 2021). The single isotopic values of the VG horse and bison bones can be considered as preliminary.…”

“…The single isotopic values of the VG horse and bison bones can be considered as preliminary.

Figure 15.The δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of woolly mammoth bone collagen from VG (circles), compared to ranges from Europe (red box), Siberia (blue box), and Eastern Beringia (green box) (Bocherens et al, 1996; Szpak et al, 2010; Drucker et al, 2015, 2018; Seuru et al, 2017; Kuitems et al, 2019; Kuzmin et al, 2021).

Figure 16.The δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of canine bone collagen from VG (squares), compared to ranges from Europe (red box), Siberia (blue box), and Eastern Beringia (green box) (Bocherens et al, 1996; Bocherens and Drucker, 2003; Bocherens, 2015; Drucker et al, 2017, 2018; Kuzmin et al, 2021).

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“…Figure 15. The δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of woolly mammoth bone collagen from VG (circles), compared to ranges from Europe (red box), Siberia (blue box), and Eastern Beringia (green box)(Bocherens et al, 1996;Szpak et al, 2010;Drucker et al, 2015Drucker et al, , 2018Seuru et al, 2017;Kuitems et al, 2019;Kuzmin et al, 2021).…”

Results of latest paleontological, stratigraphic and geoarchaeological research of the Volchia Griva mammoth fauna site

“…позволяют уверенно сказать то, что человек мог использовать остатки мамонтов, павших от болезней, травм, хищников и других причин. Подобные выводы сделаны при изучении крупных субаэральных и озерно-аллювиальных мамонтовых местонахождений финальной стадии плейстоцена Сибири (Верещагин [Vereshchagin] 1977;Derevianko et al 2000;Zenin et al 2006;Leshchinskiy 2017a;Seuru et al 2017).…”