Women's Unequal Access to Education in South Korea

Chung, Jisun

doi:10.1086/447272

Cited by 34 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…The Confucian hierarchy dictates an inequitable status for women (Fah, 2002), which forces women into submissive roles (Chung, 1994;Park & Kim, 1999). The rigid gender relationship that values masculinity inhibits creativity in both men and women because both sensitivity and independence are essential for creativity (Dobre, Dragomir, & Preda, 2009;Maslow, 1976), and these are seen as exclusively feminine or masculine virtues and discouraged in the opposite sex.…”

Section: Creativity and Hierarchical Social Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Creativity and Confucianism Among American and Korean Educators

Kim

Lee

Chae

et al. 2011

Creativity Research Journal

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The purpose of this study was to examine differences in creative styles and Confucian ideas between Koreans and Americans and to examine the relationship between creativity and Confucianism. A total number of 579 educators (227 American and 352 Korean) participated in this study. Eastern-Western Perspective Scale was used to measure participants' level of Confucianism and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking-Figural was used to measure participants' level of creative potential. The results indicate that Koreans have strikingly more Confucian ideals than Americans, whereas Americans have more creative strengths and are more adaptively creative than Koreans. The results also indicate higher levels of Confucianism relate to lower levels of creativity. The Confucian elements that show negative relationships with creativity are suppression of expression, gender inequality, gender role expectations, and filial piety.Multiple factors influence the creativity of a single individual. Although some factors affecting creativity are unique to an individual, most factors affecting creativity have a relationship to a person's macrocosm, including intrapersonal or social factors such as the environment or culture in which that person exists (Ivcevic, 2009;K. H. Kim, 2007). Thus, a focus on enhancement of an individual's personal domain and creativity skills is insufficient to enhance overall creativity if the individual's cultural setting does not foster creative growth and expression. Many cross-cultural studies illustrate the interaction of culture and creativity (e.g., Lim &

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Section: Creativity and Hierarchical Social Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Confucianism emphasizes collective good and harmony (Park & Kim, 1999), conformity, and acting predictably within a situational context. Adherence to group interests is often justified at the expense of individual interests (Chung, 1994). The collectivistic context tends to discourage creative behaviors (Ng, 2001).…”

Section: Creativity and Benevolencementioning

confidence: 99%

Creativity and Confucianism Among American and Korean Educators

Kim

Lee

Chae

et al. 2011

Creativity Research Journal

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“…While the Act marked a symbolic turning point in South Korean attitudes toward equal employment opportunity, many argue it has not been implemented effectively ( Ji-Sun Chung 1994;Roh Mihye 1994). For example, in 1993, South Korea had an estimated 5,050 child care centers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in 1993, South Korea had an estimated 5,050 child care centers. Only twentynine day care centers, or 0.6 percent of the total, were located at work sites (see Chung 1994). The Act authorizes penalties of up to two years in jail and nes ranging to 5 million won for employers found in violation.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Many (17 percent) women continue to be employed in farming and shing sectors. After manufacturing and farming, women work in sales (16 percent), services (16 percent), clerical (15 percent), professional (7.5 percent), and administrative and managerial elds (0.1 percent) (see Chung 1994;Edward Mason 1980). Female manufacturing workers tend to be young and unmarried.…”

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Sex Differentials in Earnings in the South Korean Labor Market

Monk–Turner¹,

Turner²

2001

Feminist Economics

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We examine gender differences in earnings among South Korean workers in 1988 - the year the South Korean National Assembly enacted the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. Using the "88 Occupational Wage Bargaining Survey on the Actual Condition," we calculate women's mean earnings as a percentage of men's mean earnings by major industrial category and educational attainment. We find a larger wage gap among clerical and sales workers than production workers or professionals. Generally, the more education a woman has, the smaller the gap between her earnings and those of her male counterparts. Women with a middle-school education have a mean income 53.5 percent that of comparable men, while the female-to-male wage ratio among college graduates is 76.1 percent. We analyze wage differences separately for women and men. Following Ronald Oaxaca's (1973) work, we decompose male-female wage differentials. We also calculate a discrimination coefficient. Our work shows that, all else equal, men earn from 33.6 percent to 46.9 percent more than women with comparable skills. We attribute the difference to gender discrimination.South Korea, Labor Markets, Earnings, Discrimination, Wage Gap,

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Exploring the Interactions between Asian Culture (Confucianism) and Creativity

Kim

2007

Journal of Creative Behavior

103

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According to Csikszentmihalyi (1988), creativity is a very complex interaction among a person, a field, and a culture. In keeping with this approach, a look at Asian culture in relation to its impact on creativity is in order. While people may vary in their native capacity for creativity, it is in the individual's interaction with the macrocosm where creative expression can be found. Therefore, this paper will explore the four principles of Confucianism, and how they compare to creativity research in order to discover how Asian culture influences creativity; and what we can do to enhance our students' creative capacity.Common understanding considers creativity to be an inborn ability, but most research concludes that this explanation is insufficient (Torff, 1999). Although people may vary in their native capacity for creativity, it is in the individual's interaction with the macrocosm where creative expression can be found. Thus, a focus on enhancement of domain-and creativityrelated skills is insufficient to enhance overall creativity if the cultural setting does not also accommodate creative growth and expression. showing a tendency for people from Confucian societies to be less creative than people from Western societies may indicate that there are elements within Confucianism that inhibit creativity. Therefore, this study will explore the four principles of Confucianism and how they compare to creativity research, and to discover how East Asian culture influences creativity. Through making people aware of their belief systems and how they may

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Women's Unequal Access to Education in South Korea

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Creativity and Confucianism Among American and Korean Educators

Creativity and Confucianism Among American and Korean Educators

Sex Differentials in Earnings in the South Korean Labor Market

Exploring the Interactions between Asian Culture (Confucianism) and Creativity

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