Abstract:This paper studies the relationship between the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) and market orientation of farm production in India. This is the first time that the WEAI has been used in an Indian agricultural context and the first time that it is being associated with market orientation. We used data on 1920 adults from 960 households in the Chandrapur District of Maharashtra and classified the households into three groups-(1) landless, (2) foodcropping, and (3) cash-cropping-that reflect incre… Show more
“…WEAI was developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Oxford Policy and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to measure of multidimensional deprivations that women and men face in five domains of agriculture sector-agricultural production, resources, income, leadership, and time (Alkire et al, 2013). This decomposability allows us not only to identify who is or is not disempowered but also to identify which indicators contribute to disempowerment (Gupta, Pingali, & Pinstrup-Andersen, 2017). The WEAI focuses on the agency or the decision-making aspect of empowerment and compares men and women in the same household.…”
Section: Men Womenmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Gupta et al (2017) also estimated WEAI for farmers in a different part of the Maharashtra state and found women are more disempowered than men and they have poorer adequacy ratio. Men in our sample have a significantly greater say than the women in every domain of decision making included in the WEAI module.…”
Section: Pooledmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…WEAI can be decomposed by domains. This decomposability allows us not only to identify who is or is not disempowered but also to identify which indicators contribute to disempowerment (Gupta, Pingali, & Pinstrup-Andersen, 2017).…”
Section: Women's Empowermentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Women are more disempowered than men, and they also have lower average adequacy scores. Gupta et al (2017) also estimated WEAI for farmers in a different part of the Maharashtra state and found women are more disempowered than men and they have poorer adequacy ratio. The extent of the disempowerment of women in our sample is even greater.…”
Labor-saving and income-increasing technologies may affect women farmers differently from men. However, very few studies explicitly account for women's preferences for new technologies. We carried out a discrete choice experiment with 337 female and 329 male farmers in Maharashtra, India, to measure their willingness to pay (WTP) for direct-seeded rice (DSR) with drum seeder and to understand the gender differences in marginal valuations of key attributes. We used the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) to collect self-reported data on the role and say of women in different domains of decision making. The respective gender roles of women and men in the family and on the farm are aligned with their preferences. Men have a greater say over how the family spends the cash. Accordingly, men tend to have a higher WTP for attributes that increase income (increase in yield) or reduce cash costs (reduction in seed rate). Women contribute a large share of the labor for transplanting rice, much of which is unpaid work on family farms. Women, therefore, seem to value labor saving more. Women in our sample were more interested in the new technology and had a higher WTP for it.
K E Y W O R D Schoice experiment, direct-seeded rice, drum seeder, gender roles, India, RPLM, technology adoption, willingness to pay (WTP) La réduction de main-d'oeuvre et les technologies permettant l'augmentation des revenus peuvent affecter les femmes agricultrices différemment des hommes. Cependant, très peu d'études prennent explicitement en considération les préférences des femmes pour les nouvelles technologies. Nous avons mené une expérience de choix discret avec 337 paysannes et 329 paysans dans le Maharashtra, en Inde, afin de mesurer leur consentement à payer pour le riz en semis direct (RSD) avec semoir à tambour et de comprendre les différences entre les sexes dans les évaluations marginales d'attributs clés. Nous avons utilisé l'indice d'autonomisation des femmes en agriculture (IAFA) pour collecter des données autodéclarées sur le rôle des femmes dans différents domaines de la prise de décision. Les rôles de genre respectifs des femmes et des hommes dans la famille et à la ferme correspondent à leurs préférences. Les hommes ont davantage leur mot à dire sur la façon dont la famille dépense l'argent. En conséquence, les hommes ont tendance à avoir un CAP supérieur pour les attributs qui augmentent le revenu (augmentation du rendement) ou réduisent les coûts décaissés (réduction du taux de mise en culture). Les femmes fournissent une grande partie de la main-d'oeuvre nécessaire à la transplantation du riz, principalement du travail non rémunéré sur des Cand J Agr Econ. 2019;67:303-320.
“…WEAI was developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Oxford Policy and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to measure of multidimensional deprivations that women and men face in five domains of agriculture sector-agricultural production, resources, income, leadership, and time (Alkire et al, 2013). This decomposability allows us not only to identify who is or is not disempowered but also to identify which indicators contribute to disempowerment (Gupta, Pingali, & Pinstrup-Andersen, 2017). The WEAI focuses on the agency or the decision-making aspect of empowerment and compares men and women in the same household.…”
Section: Men Womenmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Gupta et al (2017) also estimated WEAI for farmers in a different part of the Maharashtra state and found women are more disempowered than men and they have poorer adequacy ratio. Men in our sample have a significantly greater say than the women in every domain of decision making included in the WEAI module.…”
Section: Pooledmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…WEAI can be decomposed by domains. This decomposability allows us not only to identify who is or is not disempowered but also to identify which indicators contribute to disempowerment (Gupta, Pingali, & Pinstrup-Andersen, 2017).…”
Section: Women's Empowermentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Women are more disempowered than men, and they also have lower average adequacy scores. Gupta et al (2017) also estimated WEAI for farmers in a different part of the Maharashtra state and found women are more disempowered than men and they have poorer adequacy ratio. The extent of the disempowerment of women in our sample is even greater.…”
Labor-saving and income-increasing technologies may affect women farmers differently from men. However, very few studies explicitly account for women's preferences for new technologies. We carried out a discrete choice experiment with 337 female and 329 male farmers in Maharashtra, India, to measure their willingness to pay (WTP) for direct-seeded rice (DSR) with drum seeder and to understand the gender differences in marginal valuations of key attributes. We used the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) to collect self-reported data on the role and say of women in different domains of decision making. The respective gender roles of women and men in the family and on the farm are aligned with their preferences. Men have a greater say over how the family spends the cash. Accordingly, men tend to have a higher WTP for attributes that increase income (increase in yield) or reduce cash costs (reduction in seed rate). Women contribute a large share of the labor for transplanting rice, much of which is unpaid work on family farms. Women, therefore, seem to value labor saving more. Women in our sample were more interested in the new technology and had a higher WTP for it.
K E Y W O R D Schoice experiment, direct-seeded rice, drum seeder, gender roles, India, RPLM, technology adoption, willingness to pay (WTP) La réduction de main-d'oeuvre et les technologies permettant l'augmentation des revenus peuvent affecter les femmes agricultrices différemment des hommes. Cependant, très peu d'études prennent explicitement en considération les préférences des femmes pour les nouvelles technologies. Nous avons mené une expérience de choix discret avec 337 paysannes et 329 paysans dans le Maharashtra, en Inde, afin de mesurer leur consentement à payer pour le riz en semis direct (RSD) avec semoir à tambour et de comprendre les différences entre les sexes dans les évaluations marginales d'attributs clés. Nous avons utilisé l'indice d'autonomisation des femmes en agriculture (IAFA) pour collecter des données autodéclarées sur le rôle des femmes dans différents domaines de la prise de décision. Les rôles de genre respectifs des femmes et des hommes dans la famille et à la ferme correspondent à leurs préférences. Les hommes ont davantage leur mot à dire sur la façon dont la famille dépense l'argent. En conséquence, les hommes ont tendance à avoir un CAP supérieur pour les attributs qui augmentent le revenu (augmentation du rendement) ou réduisent les coûts décaissés (réduction du taux de mise en culture). Les femmes fournissent une grande partie de la main-d'oeuvre nécessaire à la transplantation du riz, principalement du travail non rémunéré sur des Cand J Agr Econ. 2019;67:303-320.
“…Women's empowerment in agriculture can differ across regions based on crops, cropping patterns, and farming systems, as Gupta, Pingali, and Pinstrup‐Andersen () discuss: At a methodological level, work in this direction can be taken forward by focusing on analysis that accounts for the endogeneity between farming systems and women's empowerment. … Variation in cropping patterns, and therefore the degree of market orientation of households, across the country can potentially offer location‐specific insights into which domains hold the greatest potential for addressing women's disempowerment in agriculture.…”
In Sub‐Saharan Africa, women's farm labor is highest in Ethiopia. Using focus group discussions with 240 farmers and other research tools, our USAID‐funded Feed the Future Innovation for the Reduction of Post‐Harvest Loss—Ethiopia study explores the sources of (dis)empowerment of rural farmers in Ethiopia. We find that women are disempowered across all five domains of empowerment due to cultural factors, despite government and financial institution policy changes. Women with low education tend to engage in low risk/return farming practices, including growing less nutritious crops, thereby undermining nutritional security of the household. Our findings confirm that women's role increases to as much as 80 percent in post‐harvest. Poor storage technologies resulting in fungal/pest infections and chemicals in stored grains pose serious health risks for women, and poor women consume grains with up to 50 percent damage. Food security and development policies should empower women and promote improved technologies—particularly targeting women—to reduce grain losses and women's work burden while mitigating health risks.
Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment in food systems can result in greater food security and better nutrition, as well as more just, resilient and sustainable food systems for all. This chapter uses a scoping review to assess the current evidence on pathways between gender equality, women’s empowerment and food systems. The chapter uses an adaptation of the food system framework to organize the evidence and identify where evidence is strong, and where gaps remain. Results show strong evidence on women’s differing access to resources, shaped and reinforced by contextual social gender norms, and on links between women’s empowerment and maternal education and important outcomes, such as nutrition and dietary diversity. However, evidence is limited on issues such as gender considerations in food systems for women in urban areas and in aquaculture value chains, best practices and effective pathways for engaging men in the process of women’s empowerment in food systems, and how to address issues related to migration, crises and indigenous food systems. While there are gender-informed evaluation studies examining the effectiveness of gender- and nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs, evidence indicating the long-term sustainability of such impacts remains limited. The chapter recommends key areas for investment: improving women’s leadership and decision-making in food systems, promoting equal and positive gender norms, improving access to resources, and building cross-contextual research evidence on gender and food systems.
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