Women in Economic Life: Rights and Opportunities

Johnstone, Elizabeth

doi:10.1177/000271626837500116

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Issues of discrimination towards women, people with family responsibilities are relevant today, despite huge progress in this sphere, positive development of national law systems and universal international standards. The conclusion expressed in the work of E. Johnstone (1968), half a century ago are still observed as valid for current times and asserts that while discrimination and built-in prejudice against women in employment have been reducing in most parts of the world, in law and practice, many economic, social, and cultural factors and attitudes still place women at a disadvantage in the world of work and restrict their contribution unnecessarily and, in many cases, unfairly (Ushakov et al, 2017). The International Labour Organization (ILO) can help promote equal rights and opportunities for women and ensure them the social protection they need about their special role of maternity and motherhood.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 76%

Issues of Gender Equality in the Workplace: The Case Study of Kazakhstan

Ryskaliyev

Zhapakov²,

Apakhayev³

et al. 2019

SACI

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Family circumstances and gender equality are the factors which influence the formation of labour legislation and state policy in the sphere of wage labour. That is why this research analyses the issues of gender equality in workplace relations. The study uses unity and a differentiation method of wage labour employment regulation. This method allowed us to determine the specifics of workplace relations, which involve women and people with family responsibilities. It was established that the optimal legal regulation of women's labour and labour of people with family responsibilities must be directed at achieving gender equality in the workplace and creating the conditions under which women and other people would be able to combine work and family responsibilities. The creation of a supportive environment for workplace relations of the specified categories of workers must be implemented through both internal and global regulations. The activities on both levels are mutually reinforcing in nature. The article, having analysed the Labour Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and international labour standards, submits suggestions about improvement of labour laws, draws conclusions about the necessity of legal protection for women and people with family responsibilities as well as the elimination of discriminating factors in relations regulated by labour laws.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 76%

Issues of Gender Equality in the Workplace: The Case Study of Kazakhstan

Ryskaliyev

Zhapakov²,

Apakhayev³

et al. 2019

SACI

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show abstract

“…123, “Employment (Women with Family Responsibilities)” in 1965, which aimed to “encourage and facilitate the development of appropriate policies and services directed towards enabling women with family responsibilities who need or choose to work outside their homes to do so without being subject to discrimination” (ILO 1964 , 18). Looking back at the 1965 conference in 1968, ILO women’s officer Elizabeth Johnstone ( 1968 , 103) came to the understanding that “clearly, the status of women in the economic field is closely related to their status in other fields,” and that the political and social conditions of women with family responsibilities directly influenced their economic opportunities. Historians like Cobble ( 2021 ) have shown that the relatively prominent treatment of the specific problems of women workers in the ILO was a consequence of pressure and lobbying by women labour activists from both sides of the Iron Curtain.…”

Section: Struggles For and Against The Standardisation Of Part-time W...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Part-time work: the co-production of a contested employment model for women in Austria and internationally, 1950s to 1980s

Helfert

2023

Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe

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In 2022, every second employed woman in Austria worked part-time, while only 12.6 percent of men did so. In more affluent countries, part-time work has evolved from a special form of employment to a gendered norm in the past six decades, whereas in state-socialist and post-state-socialist Europe, this model of women’s employment played a much less pronounced role historically. Albeit contested, part-time work has been a concern of women trade unionists since the 1950s. This article examines the emergence and evolution of an important trend in the history of women’s work from a multi-level perspective. It explores how women activists in the ICFTU, the ILO and in Austria dealt with part-time work as a method of harmonizing women’s unpaid and paid work. Collaboration with the ILO played an important role in Austrian developments, and Austrian activists aimed to impact on international decision-making. Furthermore, the article shows the rather hidden role women civil servants played in generating knowledge on the topic. This analysis of the evolution of the gendered norm of part-time work and its contestation contributes to recent research on shifts in reproductive arrangements and gender relations in the second half of the twentieth century.

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“…Issues of discrimination toward women and people with family responsibilities are relevant today, despite a huge progress in this sphere, positive development of national law systems and universal international standards. The conclusion, expressed in the work of Johnstone (1968) half a century ago and observed as valid for current times, asserts that while discrimination and built-in prejudice against women in employment have been lessening in most parts of the world, in law and in practice, many economic, social, and cultural factors and attitudes still place women at a disadvantage in the world of work and restrict their contribution unnecessarily and, in many cases, unfairly. The International Labor Organization (ILO) can help to promote equal rights and opportunities for women and to ensure them the social protection they need in relation to their special role of maternity and motherhood.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender equality in employment: The experience of Kazakhstan

Buribayev

Khamzina

2019

International Journal of Discrimination and the Law

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No country in the world has achieved full gender equality in labour relations. Kazakhstan has just begun a long way of creating legislative and organizational conditions for equality in the workplace. It is obvious that to create a more equal, gender-sensitive society, a state will require profound changes in perceptions, attitudes, stereotypes, and laws. Facilitating such changes is justified not only from a moral but also from an economic point of view. Today, the requirements for women in society in the performance of labour functions are the same as for men. However, in family and domestic relations, there is a persistence of the gender stereotype of male privileges. There is no change in sectoral gender segregation. Women still make up more than 70% of employees in the health, education, and social services sectors, while women's representation in the financial and public sectors is slightly more than half. Traditionally, these types of sectors are less profitable compared to "male industries," such as construction, oil and gas, mining, and transport. The level of attracting female labour in innovative, infrastructural, and high-tech projects and programs is very low. The issue of expanding the economic opportunities of rural women, who are denied access to public and state resources and services, remains relevant. In the article, we show the possibilities for ensuring equal employment of men and women in Kazakhstan. The proposals on the improvement of legislation on labour protection and labour conditions and improvement of working conditions are presented, and the possibilities of introducing and expanding flexible forms of employment are considered. Conclusions are drawn on the revision of the list

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Women in Economic Life: Rights and Opportunities

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Issues of Gender Equality in the Workplace: The Case Study of Kazakhstan

Issues of Gender Equality in the Workplace: The Case Study of Kazakhstan

Part-time work: the co-production of a contested employment model for women in Austria and internationally, 1950s to 1980s

Gender equality in employment: The experience of Kazakhstan

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