Wogonin mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration through the Nrf2/ARE and MAPK signaling pathways

Apigenin Mitigates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration through the Amelioration of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) Signaling Pathway

“…All animal experiments were performed in agreement with committee approval and regulations. To induce IDD, the needle-stab injury model was used, and the protocol followed as per previous publications [ 21 ]. Briefly, rats were sedated with ketamine (75 mg/kg body weight; Sigma Aldrich, MO, USA).…”

“…For the experimentation, the rats were separated into 4 groups: Group (Grp) 1: control (sham-operated); Grp 2: IDD was induced; Grp 3: IDD+apigenin treatment (15 mg/kg) (rats underwent IDD procedures, with drug injected into NP cells at surgery and administered orally thereafter); Grp 4: apigenin control. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were killed by an overdose of carbon dioxide; the tissues were removed, fixed in formalin, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to assess the cellularity and morphology as per the previously described grading scale [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Wogonin ameliorate complete Freund's adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis via targeting NF‐κB/MAPK signaling pathway

“…Wogonin (5,7‐dihydroxy‐8‐methoxyflavone), a flavonoid contained in the Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi root of the Chinese herb, is commonly used to cure some allergic and inflammatory diseases . It has been engaged in many diseases incidence and therapy and has a broad range of pharmacological operations including anti‐inflammation, antiangiogenesis, antivirus, antifibrosis, anticancer, and cancer. Studies have shown chondroprotective impacts of wogonin generated in articular chondrocytes through its regulation of gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3) production, but wogonin has never been researched in RA .…”

Dimethyl fumarate protects nucleus pulposus cells from inflammation and oxidative stress and delays the intervertebral disc degeneration

“…When various external factors, such as injury and infection among others, cause the balance between ROS production and the antioxidant defense system to be disrupted, the body enters an oxidative stress state, activating a series of antioxidant stress defense responses and antioxidant transcription factors, including Nrf2 and AP-1. Activation of these transcription factors ultimately increases the expression and synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, CAT and HO-1, which protects the body from oxidative stress (33). Nrf2 is an important antioxidant defense factor in the body, expressed in almost all cells.…”