WITHDRAWN: Building disaster resilience in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems: The role of social learning in public private partnerships

Between the Market and the State: Financing and Servicing SelffSustaining Sanitation Chains in Informal Settlements in East African Cities

“…Solo 1999) and others that carefully targeted subsidies can leverage household investment (e.g. Cairncross et al 2011;Johannessen et al 2013;Tremolet et al 2010b;UN-Habitat 2014). Alternative to subsidies are lowering/abolishing VAT on sanitation-related goods and services (Sijbesma 2011) or price regulation to prevent private sector profiteering (Murungi and Dijk 2014).…”

“…Tremolet et al (2010b), for example, has pointed out that the cost of oon-site sanitation installation is often half or more of a poor household's annual income. Public/private partnerships have been seen as one potential way of ensuring the delivery of coordinated services in informal settlements Ali 2003, 2005;Johannessen et al 2013; Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor 2012). They provide a coordinate enabling environment for stimulating demand and supply and enable consumers to hold service providers to account.…”