WISE-2005: Supine treadmill exercise within lower body negative pressure and flywheel resistive exercise as a countermeasure to bed rest-induced bone loss in women during 60-day simulated microgravity

Smith, Scott M.; Zwart, Sara R.; Heer, Martina; Lee, Stuart M. C.; Baecker, Natalie; Meuche, Sabine; Macias, Brandon R.; Shackelford, Linda; Schneider, Suzanne; Hargens, Alan R.

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.015

Cited by 64 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In spite of this gender difference, when the available data on men in LTBR is compared, the general trends are quite similar with a global increase in stress and no compensatory effect of exercise. The physiological findings during the WISE-2005 experiment suggested that if the combination of resistive and aerobic exercise did not prevent bone resorption, it promoted bone formation, and then helped mitigate the net bone loss associated with simulated microgravity (Smith et al, 2008). Aerobic and resistive exercise prevented changes in cardiovascular responses and was an effective countermeasure to the HDBR effects (Edgell et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and recovery assessment during simulated microgravity: Effects of exercise during a long-term head-down tilt bed rest in women

Marilleau

Weiss

2009

Journal of Environmental Psychology

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. Stress and recovery assessment during simulated microgravity: Effects of exercise during a long-term head down tilt bed rest in women.. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Elsevier, 2009, pp.522-528. Stress and recovery assessment during simulated microgravity: Effects of exercise during a long-term head-down tilt bed rest in women Michel Nicolas, Karine Weiss AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 60-day head-down tilt long-term bed rest (HDT) on stress and recovery in sixteen healthy female volunteers. Participants were randomly assigned to either an exercise group (Exe) that followed a training program combining resistive and aerobic exercises, or to a no-exercise control group (Ctl). Psychological states were assessed using the Rest-Q, a validated questionnaire based on stress-recovery responses. A longitudinal analysis revealed significant changes in the general and specific-stress scales for all participants throughout the experiment with a critical stage from supine to standing posture leading to a significant decrease in physical recovery. During HDT, Exe reported higher scores on stress subscales, as well as lower recovery scores compared to the Ctl. During the post-HDT ambulatory recovery period, the exercisers still reported higher scores than the non-exercisers on the Lack of energy stressrelated scale, along with lower scores in general wellbeing and personal accomplishment. The present findings show that simulated weightlessness such as HDT may induce psychological stress and lead to subsequent alterations in perceived recovery. Exercise did not reduce HDT impaired effects on stress and recovery states. Several suggestions, including psychological preparation, are proposed to support the beneficial effects of exercise on psychological factors. Keywords:Bed rest ; Exercise countermeasures ; Recovery ; Space simulation ; Stress Manned spaceflights can be defined as an extreme environment because of the high level of constraints linked to numerous unfamiliar conditions including microgravity, monotony, lack of comfort, boredom, confinement and isolation (Kanas & Manzey, 2003;Suedfeld, 2005). Most of these constraints are present in space simulation experiments such as long-term bed rest (LTBR) which can also be considered as an extreme environment. LTBR not only constitutes a validated physiological model of spaceflights (e.g. Lathers & Charles, 1994;Louisy, Berry, Marini, Guell, & Guezennec, 1995;Sonnenfeld et al., 2007), but also provides good psychological analogues (Weiss & Moser, 1998). LTBR is typified by ''deprivation including the lack of customary amenities, isolation from the home community, confinement with a relatively small number of other people, lack of privacy, difficult and demanding tasks, limited opportunities for communication, and a degree of dependence on outsiders' ' (Harrison, 2005). Previous investigations have shown that simulated microgravity, along with immobilization in bed, accompanied by environmental constraints, induced ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and recovery assessment during simulated microgravity: Effects of exercise during a long-term head-down tilt bed rest in women

Marilleau

Weiss

2009

Journal of Environmental Psychology

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“…the WISE-2005 campaign as noted in Guinet et al 2009, Trappe et al 2007a, and Smith et al 2008. Based on the WISE-2005 study, a nutritional countermeasure alone was not effective in protecting most of the physiological measurements of the cardiovascular or musculoskeletal systems.…”

Section: Nutritional Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 94%

A critical benefit analysis of artificial gravity as a microgravity countermeasure

2010

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Human physiological systems, especially the cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal systems, are well-known to decondition during spaceflight. Several countermeasures that are in use today have been rigorously developed over the decades to combat this deconditioning. However, these countermeasures are system specific and have proven to be only partially effective. Artificial gravity has been persistently discussed as a countermeasure that potentially has salutary effects on all physiological systems, though few ground-based studies have been performed in comparison to other countermeasures. The current analysis attempts to elucidate the effectiveness of artificial gravity by directly comparing results of previously published and unpublished deconditioning studies with those of more traditional, ground-based countermeasures (i.e. resistive exercise, aerobic exercise, lower body negative pressure, or some variation of these). Animal studies were also evaluated to supplement the knowledge base and to fill gaps in the human countermeasure literature. Designs of published studies, such as study duration, deconditioning paradigm, subject selection criteria, measurements taken, etc., were confounding variables; however, studies that had some measure of consistency between these variables were compared, although notable differences were cited in the analysis and discussion. Results indicate that for prolonged spaceflight an artificial gravity-based countermeasure may provide benefits equivalent to traditional countermeasures for the cardiovascular system. Too few comparable, human studies have been performed to draw any conclusions for the musculoskeletal system, although animal studies show some positive results. Gaps in the current knowledge of artificial gravity are identified and guidance for future deconditioning studies is offered. Based on the results of this study, a comprehensive artificial gravity protocol is proposed and future research topics using this countermeasure are

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“…The 60-day Women's International Simulation for Space Exploration study was one of these studies, and as a result, these female subjects did lose body weight (lean tissue more than fat) during bed rest at a rate of 0.06 kg/day. 20 In a similar 90-day study with male subjects conducted earlier at the same institution, men also lost weight at 0.04 kg/day (calculated from the published average weight loss). 21 Due to the many differences in study design, it cannot be concluded with any certainty if this slight difference in rate of weight loss between men and women is of any significance.…”

Section: Negative Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of Sex and Gender on Adaptation to Space: Musculoskeletal Health

Ploutz‐Snyder

Bloomfield

Smith

et al. 2014

Journal of Women's Health

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There is considerable variability among individuals in musculoskeletal response to long-duration spaceflight. The specific origin of the individual variability is unknown but is almost certainly influenced by the details of other mission conditions such as individual differences in exercise countermeasures, particularly intensity of exercise, dietary intake, medication use, stress, sleep, psychological profiles, and actual mission task demands. In addition to variations in mission conditions, genetic differences may account for some aspect of individual variability. Generally, this individual variability exceeds the variability between sexes that adds to the complexity of understanding sex differences alone. Research specifically related to sex differences of the musculoskeletal system during unloading is presented and discussed. Musculoskeletal Health in Space It is well known that men and women differ in many aspects of the musculoskeletal system, with men generally having greater muscle and bone mass. Important questions for spaceflight application are whether the time course of loss with unloading is the same for men and women, whether the initial bone or muscle mass influences the rate of loss, whether that rate of loss is linear over an *3-year period (the most likely duration of initial exploration-class missions), and whether loss of bone and/or muscle over this period of time has secondary effects on other musculoskeletal tissues such as articular cartilage. If there are large sex differences in the time course of loss, this would be a compelling argument for sexspecific countermeasure development for exploration-class space missions. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no published human studies that have directly assessed sex differences in either the time course of disuseinduced bone or muscle loss or the impact of starting values.It is well established that the human musculoskeletal response to unloading is highly variable among individuals, with 10-fold differences in response among participants often observed. As an example, after 30 days of unilateral lower limb suspension, individual responses ranged from a 2.5% to a nearly 20% decline in plantarflexor cross-sectional area compared with before the suspension.1 Similarly, with actual spaceflight the loss of cancellous bone in the distal tibia after 6 months aboard Mir ranged from 2% to 24%; such changes range from a negligible loss to deficits equal to those observed after spinal cord injury.2 Understanding the factors that contribute to such large variability is an important step toward both selecting and protecting the first astronauts who undertake very long (2-3 year) exploration missions. The extent to which biological sex or sex-based hormones contribute to this variability is unknown.While this review is focused on sex differences in the response of the musculoskeletal system to the unloading of microgravity, it is important to remember that the overriding uncertainty about which factors contribute to individu...

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WISE-2005: Supine treadmill exercise within lower body negative pressure and flywheel resistive exercise as a countermeasure to bed rest-induced bone loss in women during 60-day simulated microgravity

Cited by 64 publications

References 32 publications

Stress and recovery assessment during simulated microgravity: Effects of exercise during a long-term head-down tilt bed rest in women

Stress and recovery assessment during simulated microgravity: Effects of exercise during a long-term head-down tilt bed rest in women

A critical benefit analysis of artificial gravity as a microgravity countermeasure

Effects of Sex and Gender on Adaptation to Space: Musculoskeletal Health

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