Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in bipolar disorder: effects of mood state and early course

Abstract

Executive dysfunction may be a mediating vulnerability indicator of bipolar disorder that is strongly related to mood state, but only modestly related to chronicity of illness during the early disease course.

Association analysis of genes in serotonin pathway with attention and executive function in patients with bipolar affective disorder

“…Meta-analysis also denoted that the euthymic bipolar patients have distinct impairments of executive function, verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and sustained attention [50]. Findings in the current study are consistent with previous studies in large, which showed significant poorer performance among majority of measures in neurocognitive tests of attention and executive function in patients with BP-I compared to healthy controls [51,52]. No differences were found between patients and controls in two measures of trail marking A, errors and illegal times.…”

Neuropsychological functioning across different states of bipolar disorder: mania or hypomania and depression

“…Many of the existing studies indicate disorders in executive functions measured with the WCST in this group of patients [7,12,16,24]. As far as patients in the depressive phase are concerned, the study by Martinez-Aran et al [7] shows that they made significantly more perseverative errors in the WCST than healthy persons, yet there were no differences in the number of properly completed categories between those groups.…”

Neurocognitive Functioning in Bipolar Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Data

“…According to other authors, the performance on the executive function measures was bimodal among euthymic BD patients (one subgroup with relatively normal and one subgroup with impaired executive functioning) (Altshuler et al 2004 ). Some studies report no difference in executive function between BD patients and controls (Paradiso et al 1997 ;de Almeida Rocca et al 2008 ;Fleck et al 2008 ;Olley et al 2005 ;Thompson et al 2007 ;Friedman et al 1977 ), while one study suggested that impairment is present only in the more severe and chronic cases (de Almeida Rocca et al 2008 ).…”