Winter wheat roots grow twice as deep as spring wheat roots, is this important for N uptake and N leaching losses?

Thorup‐Kristensen, Kristian; Cortasa, Montserrat Salmerón; Loges, Ralf

doi:10.1007/s11104-009-9898-z

Cited by 196 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…In the winter rye crop N inorg was already low in May, even after onion leaving high N inorg levels in the autumn, but this N inorg had probably already been taken up by the winter rye in the early spring. In a previous study winter wheat was found to take up much soil N already before mid April under similar conditions (Thorup- Kristensen et al, 2009), again confirming the typically higher N efficiency of cereal crops. Finally, cereal crops offer better options for introducing fertility building crops into the system than most vegetables do, as cereals allow undersowing of fertility building crops and because small yield losses caused by their establishment can more easily be tolerated in cereal crops than in vegetables.…”

Section: Reduced Nutrient Losses To the Environmentsupporting

confidence: 64%

Crop yield, root growth, and nutrient dynamics in a conventional and three organic cropping systems with different levels of external inputs and N re-cycling through fertility building crops

Thorup‐Kristensen

Dresbøll

Kristensen

2012

European Journal of Agronomy

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139

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. b s t r a c tOne of the core ideas behind organic production is that cropping systems should be less dependent on import of resources, and minimize negative effects on the surrounding environment compared to conventional production. However, even when clearly complying with regulations for organic production, it is not always obvious that these goals are reached. As an example, strong dependence on import of manure is often seen in current organic production, especially in systems producing high value crops such as vegetable crops.The aim of the present study was to test novel approaches to organic rotations, designed to reduce the reliance on import of external resources significantly. We compared a conventional system (C) and an organic system relying on manure import for soil fertility (O1) to two novel systems (O2 and O3) all based on the same crop rotation. The O2 and O3 systems represented new versions of the organic rotation, both relying on green manures and catch crops grown during the autumn after the main crop as their main source of soil fertility, and the O3 system further leaving rows of the green manures to grow as intercrops between vegetable rows to improve the conditions for biodiversity and natural pest regulation in the crops. Reliance on resource import to the systems differed, with average annual import of nitrogen fertilizers of 149, 85, 25 and 25 kg N ha −1 in the C, O1, O2 and O3 systems, respectively. As expected, the crop yields were lower in the organic system. It differed strongly among crop species, but on average the organic crops yielded c. 82% of conventional yields in all three organic systems, when calculated based on the area actually grown with the main crops. In the O3 system some of the area of the vegetable fields was allocated to intercrops, so vegetable yields calculated based on total land area was only 63% of conventional yields.Differences in quality parameters of the harvested crops, i.e. nutrient content, dry matter content or damages by pests or diseases were few and not systematic, whereas clear effects on nutrient balances and nitrogen leaching indicators were found. Root growth of all crops was studied in the C and O2 system, but only few effects of cropping system on root growth was observed. However, the addition of green manures to the systems almost doubled the average soil exploration by active root systems during the rotation from only 21% in C to 38% in O2 when measured to 2.4 m depth. This relates well to the observed differences in subsoil inorganic N content (N inorg , 1-2 m depth) across the whole rotation (74 and 61 kg N ha −1 in C and O1 vs. only 22 and...

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Section: Reduced Nutrient Losses To the Environmentsupporting

confidence: 64%

Crop yield, root growth, and nutrient dynamics in a conventional and three organic cropping systems with different levels of external inputs and N re-cycling through fertility building crops

Thorup‐Kristensen

Dresbøll

Kristensen

2012

European Journal of Agronomy

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139

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“…In this condition, there were very small amounts of N presented in deep layers of the soil. Thus, the deep rooting of winter wheat is not an effective way to access N as has been suggested by Thorup-Kristensen et al (2009). In our study, however, we were not able to determine the reason why winter-type varieties exhibited deeper root system architecture than spring-type varieties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Oyanagi (1994) have found that wheat varieties bred for western Japan tend to have shallower root systems than varieties bred for eastern Japan, and explained this regional difference as an adaptation to the more abundant soil moisture in western Japan. Thorup-Kristensen et al (2009) have suggested that the deeper rooting of winter-type wheat enables more effective usage of N in the lower levels of the soil due to N leaching. Manschadi et al (2008) have found that drought-tolerant varieties tend to have deeper root systems compared to susceptible varieties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel QTLs for growth angle of seminal roots in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

et al. 2011

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Aims Because plants cannot change their environmental circumstances by changing their location, they must instead adapt to a wide variety of environmental conditions, especially soil conditions. One of the most effective ways for a plant to adapt to a given soil condition is by modifying its root system architecture. We aim to identify the genetic factors controlling root growth angle, a trait that affects root system architecture. Methods The present study consisted of a genetic analysis of the seminal root growth angle in wheat; the parental varieties of the doubled haploid lines (DHLs) used in this study exhibited significantly different root growth directions. Using the 'basket' method, the ratio of deep roots (DRR; the proportion of total roots with GA > 45 degrees) was observed for evaluating deep rooting. Results We were able to identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the gravitropic and hydrotropic responses of wheat roots. Moreover, we detected one QTL for seminal root number per seedling (RN) on chromosome 5A and two QTLs for seminal root elongation rate (ER) on chromosomes 5D and 7D. Conclusions Gravitropic and hydrotropic responses of wheat roots, which play a significant role in establishing root system architecture, are controlled by independent genetic factors.

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“…The root density distributions showing maximal densities at greater depths are markedly different from the root density profiles that have been observed for winter wheat using soil coring in loamy soil (Zhang et al, 2004) and in soils with seven different textures (from clay to sandy loam) (e.g., White et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2004). This might on the one hand be due to a great amount of water stored at those depths in the silty soil but probably also due to nutrient distribution in the soil profile at this site, which might have promoted root development in deeper soil layers (Thorup-Kristensen et al, 2009;Yang et al, 2003). On the other hand, some studies indicated that root length densities estimated from rhizotubes may underestimate the root densities in surface soil layers due to temperature effects (Fitter et al, 1998) or roots growing parallel to the horizontal plane not intersecting the tube surface (Meyer and Barrs, 1991).…”

Section: Effect Of Water Treatment On Crop and Root Developmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Root growth, water uptake, and sap flow of winter wheat in response to different soil water conditions

Cai¹,

Vanderborght²,

Langensiepen

et al. 2018

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. How much water can be taken up by roots and how this depends on the root and water distributions in the root zone are important questions that need to be answered to describe water fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Physically based root water uptake (RWU) models that relate RWU to transpiration, root density, and water potential distributions have been developed but used or tested far less. This study aims at evaluating the simulated RWU of winter wheat using the empirical Feddes-Jarvis (FJ) model and the physically based Couvreur (C) model for different soil water conditions and soil textures compared to sap flow measurements. Soil water content (SWC), water potential, and root development were monitored noninvasively at six soil depths in two rhizotron facilities that were constructed in two soil textures: stony vs. silty, with each of three water treatments: sheltered, rainfed, and irrigated. Soil and root parameters of the two models were derived from inverse modeling and simulated RWU was compared with sap flow measurements for validation. The different soil types and water treatments resulted in different crop biomass, root densities, and root distributions with depth. The two models simulated the lowest RWU in the sheltered plot of the stony soil where RWU was also lower than the potential RWU. In the silty soil, simulated RWU was equal to the potential uptake for all treatments. The variation of simulated RWU among the different plots agreed well with measured sap flow but the C model predicted the ratios of the transpiration fluxes in the two soil types slightly better than the FJ model. The root hydraulic parameters of the C model could be constrained by the field data but not the water stress parameters of the FJ model. This was attributed to differences in root densities between the different soils and treatments which are accounted for by the C model, whereas the FJ model only considers normalized root densities. The impact of differences in root density on RWU could be accounted for directly by the physically based RWU model but not by empirical models that use normalized root density functions.

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Winter wheat roots grow twice as deep as spring wheat roots, is this important for N uptake and N leaching losses?

Cited by 196 publications

References 36 publications

Crop yield, root growth, and nutrient dynamics in a conventional and three organic cropping systems with different levels of external inputs and N re-cycling through fertility building crops

Crop yield, root growth, and nutrient dynamics in a conventional and three organic cropping systems with different levels of external inputs and N re-cycling through fertility building crops

Novel QTLs for growth angle of seminal roots in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Root growth, water uptake, and sap flow of winter wheat in response to different soil water conditions

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