“…These units are among the fundamental blocks for realizing neural networks, data classification/clustering approaches, and image processing algorithms in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Unsupervised learning networks are also implemented using WTA/LTA circuits [15], whose applications span from generative adversarial networks to ladder networks and variational autoencoders [45]. Fuzzy logic control [2,27], rectifiers [12,32,37], artificial neural networks (ANN) [3,36], associative memory [8], neuromorphic [44], vision sensors [40,46], nonlinear filters [31] and telecommunication circuits [5] are among the other applications which contain WTA/LTA units.…”