Wing dimorphism in aphids

Braendle, Christian; Davis, Gregory K.; Brisson, Jennifer A.; Stern, David L.

doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800863

Cited by 314 publications

(346 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…Wing morphology displays phenotypic plasticity in response to several environmental variables including rearing density, a likely correlate with acquisition, with different species displaying very different responses. In aphids and planthoppers, induction of flight capable morphs increases in response to crowding and low nutrition [28,29], while in crickets, group rearing and other stressors increase induction of flightless morphs [30,31]. Both of these examples, the lifespan-reproduction trade-off and the flight capability-reproduction trade-off, demonstrate the wide variation in allocation patterns across different species.…”

Section: The Central Importance Of the Interplay Between Resource Acqmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to get the most bang for your buck: the evolution and physiology of nutrition-dependent resource allocation strategies

2017

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All organisms use resources to grow, survive and reproduce. The supply of these resources varies widely across landscapes and time, imposing ultimate constraints on the maximal trait values for allocation-related traits. In this review, we address three key questions fundamental to our understanding of the evolution of allocation strategies and their underlying mechanisms. First, we ask: how diverse are flexible resource allocation strategies among different organisms? We find there are many, varied, examples of flexible strategies that depend on nutrition. However, this diversity is often ignored in some of the best-known cases of resource allocation shifts, such as the commonly observed pattern of lifespan extension under nutrient limitation. A greater appreciation of the wide variety of flexible allocation strategies leads directly to our second major question: what conditions select for different plastic allocation strategies? Here, we highlight the need for additional models that explicitly consider the evolution of phenotypically plastic allocation strategies and empirical tests of the predictions of those models in natural populations. Finally, we consider the question: what are the underlying mechanisms determining resource allocation strategies? Although evolutionary biologists assume differential allocation of resources is a major factor limiting trait evolution, few proximate mechanisms are known that specifically support the model. We argue that an integrated framework can reconcile evolutionary models with proximate mechanisms that appear at first glance to be in conflict with these models. Overall, we encourage future studies to: (i) mimic ecological conditions in which those patterns evolve, and (ii) take advantage of the 'omic' opportunities to produce multi-level data and analytical models that effectively integrate across physiological and evolutionary theory.

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Section: The Central Importance Of the Interplay Between Resource Acqmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to get the most bang for your buck: the evolution and physiology of nutrition-dependent resource allocation strategies

2017

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“…It is noteworthy that the molecular genetics underlying wing plasticity in planthoppers cannot fully account for the proximate causes of wing polymorphism in other insect species. For example, with regard to aphid species, they have complex life cycles showing cyclic parthenogenesis with alternating asexual and sexual generations, which has been intensively studied and reviewed elsewhere [2,3,[55][56][57]. Instead of the short-and long-winged morphs, wingless and winged morphs were produced in most aphid species.…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the effect of environmental factors on BPH wing dimorphism is controversial. As with many reports on aphids and crickets [1,2,[27][28][29][30], the level of juvenile hormones (JH) has long been thought to control wing-morph switch in planthoppers. Topical application of JHs or JH agonists on the BPHs at sensitive developmental stages induced short-winged morphs [20,31], whereas treatment with JH antagonists induced long-winged morphs [32][33][34].…”

Section: Environmental Factors Influencing Wing Dimorphism In the Bromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proximate causes for alternate wing morphs vary between species, either resulting from different genotypes or induced by various environmental stimuli. In some cases, the macropters of some aphids, water striders and crickets can histolyse their wing muscles, and thus transform themselves into functional brachypters [1,2], but this phenotype will not be discussed herein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulin receptors and wing dimorphism in rice planthoppers

Xu¹,

Zhang²

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Wing polymorphism contributes significantly to the success of a wide variety of insects. However, its underlying molecular mechanism is less well understood. The migratory planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens , is one of the most extensively studied insects for wing polymorphism, due to its natural features of short- and long-winged morphs. Using the BPH as an example, we first surveyed the environmental cues that possibly influence wing developmental plasticity. Second, we explained the molecular basis by which two insulin receptors (InR1 and InR2) act as switches to determine alternative wing morphs in the BPH. This finding provides an additional layer of regulatory mechanism underlying wing polymorphism in insects in addition to juvenile hormones. Further, based on a discrete domain structure between InR1 and InR2 across insect species, we discussed the potential roles by which they might contribute to insect polymorphism. Last, we concluded with future directions of disentangling the insulin signalling pathway in the BPH, which serves as an ideal model for studying wing developmental plasticity in insects. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.

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“…For example, in the streamdwelling water strider (Aquarius remigis) Fairbairn and King (2009) have shown that the frequency of macropterous individuals usually increases with temperature, a likely cue of habitat drying. Crowding is also a common factor that increases production of macropterous individuals in many insects (for example, Braendle et al, 2006;Poniatowski and Fartmann, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dispersal plasticity on population divergence and speciation

Arendt

2015

Heredity

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Phenotypic plasticity is thought to have a role in driving population establishment, local adaptation and speciation. However, dispersal plasticity has been underappreciated in this literature. Plasticity in the decision to disperse is taxonomically widespread and I provide examples for insects, molluscs, polychaetes, vertebrates and flowering plants. Theoretical work is limited but indicates an interaction between dispersal distance and plasticity in the decision to disperse. When dispersal is confined to adjacent patches, dispersal plasticity may enhance local adaptation over unconditional (non-plastic) dispersal. However, when dispersal distances are greater, plasticity in dispersal decisions strongly reduces the potential for local adaptation and population divergence. Upon dispersal, settlement may be random, biased but genetically determined, or biased but plastically determined. Theory shows that biased settlement of either type increases population divergence over random settlement. One model suggests that plasticity further enhances chances of speciation. However, there are many strategies for deciding on where to settle such as a best-of-N strategy, sequential sampling with a threshold for acceptance or matching with natal habitat. To date, these strategies do not seem to have been compared within a single model. Although we are just beginning to explore evolutionary effects of dispersal plasticity, it clearly has the potential to enhance as well as inhibit population divergence. Additional work should pay particular attention to dispersal distance and the strategy used to decide on where to settle.

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Wing dimorphism in aphids

Cited by 314 publications

References 85 publications

How to get the most bang for your buck: the evolution and physiology of nutrition-dependent resource allocation strategies

How to get the most bang for your buck: the evolution and physiology of nutrition-dependent resource allocation strategies

Insulin receptors and wing dimorphism in rice planthoppers

Effects of dispersal plasticity on population divergence and speciation

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