Window and wall penetration loss on-site measurements with three methods

Karttunen, Aki; Nguyen, Sinh Le Hong; Koivumaki, Pasi; Haneda, Katsuyuki; Hentila, Tuomo; Asp, Ari; Hujanen, Arto; Huhtinen, Ismo; Somersalo, Matti; Horsmanheimo, Seppo; Aurinsalo, Jouko

doi:10.1049/cp.2018.0380

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In some measurement results of the PLs of windows with double-glazed glass panes, it was reported that the PL did not increase linearly with increasing frequency; in spite of the different thicknesses and relative dielectric constants of the glass panes, similar oscillatory characteristics were observed, with high losses at 5 GHz and low losses at 10 GHz [7], [14], [18], [19]. These characteristics are due to the frequency dependence of an input impedance at the air-to-dielectrics interface [14] or to multiple internal reflective effects [12], [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In general, two methods are used to measure a penetration loss (PL) of a material: anechoic chamber measurements [4], [9], [11] and on-site measurements [3], [7], [12]. Usually, in a non-reflection chamber, the effects of reflections on measurements can be eliminating, allowing more accurate measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results were mainly affected by distance, not by the ground reflections. In 2018, three on-site measurement methods, channel, far-field, and near-field measurements, were compared to measure the PLs of office windows and walls [12]. The measurement results showed approximately the same PLs in the three cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Window Penetration Loss on Building Entry Loss From 3.5 to 24 GHz

Lee

Byeon

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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We investigated the impact of window penetration loss (WinPL) on the frequency dependence of building entry loss (BEL) from 3.5 to 24 GHz. The WinPL characteristics of an ideal double-glazed glass and a real double-glazed window were simulated and measured on-site, respectively, and both results showed almost the same oscillatory characteristics with respect to the frequency changes that occurred due to the impedance oscillation of the double glass-like multilayer dielectrics. Two BEL measurement scenarios were performed to analyze the frequency dependence of BEL in a traditional office building with double-glazed windows identical to those analyzed in the on-site WinPL measurements; the experiments included a complex propagation route (the first scenario) from the facade of the building to the corridors through windows and offices and a simple propagation route (the second scenario) through only windows lateral to the building. Two main aspects can be observed from measurement results. First, BEL showed strong frequency-dependent behavior regardless of the propagation route. Second, the WinPL characteristics of the outer double-glazed window were a main contributor to the frequency dependence of BEL.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Window Penetration Loss on Building Entry Loss From 3.5 to 24 GHz

Lee

Byeon

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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“…Polymers, typically used as matrix in composites, incur low electromagnetic attenuation in terms of dielectric loss-especially for frequencies below the gigahertz-regime. For the higher frequencies, already the type and grade of the polymer blend must be well optimized [25,26]. Reinforcing fibers are generally not especially advantageous in terms of signal penetration-carbon fibers and all conductive fibers lead to very high attenuation.…”

Section: The Advantages and Sustainability Of Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies

et al. 2020

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The multiplicity of targets of the 5G and further future technologies, set by the modern societies and industry, lacks the establishment of design methods for the highly multidisciplinary application of wireless platforms for small cells. Constraints are set by the overall energy concept, structural safety and sustainability. Various Smart poles and Light poles exist but it is challenging to define the design drivers especially for a composite load-carrying structure. In this study, the design drivers of a composite 5G smart pole are determined and the connecting design between finite element modelling (FEM), signal penetration and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for thermal analysis are reported as an interdisciplinary process. The results emphasize the significant effects of thermal loading on the material selection. The physical architecture, including various cutouts, is manipulated by the needs of the mmW radios, structural safety and the societal preferences of sustainable city planning, i.e., heat management and aesthetic reasons. Finally, the paint thickness and paint type must be optimized due to radome-integrated radios. In the future, sustainability regulations and realized business models will define the cost-structure and the response by customers.

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“…O2I coverage is the bridge between mmWave outdoor and indoor cellular networks and whose performance can be evaluated via isolated material penetration loss measurements or on-site cellular-type building entry loss (BEL) measurements [23]. Far-field penetration loss measurements are generally conducted using two identical narrow beamwidth horn antennas with the material under test (MUT) located perpendicular to the transmitter-receiver (T-R) boresight, wherein the distance between the MUT and each antenna must be larger than the far field distance [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-building coverage of millimeter-wave wireless networks from channel measurement and modeling perspectives

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2020

Sci. China Inf. Sci.

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To progress cost-effective deployment of millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless networks for indoor users, the prediction of indoor-to-indoor (I2I) and outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) coverage based on field measurement studies is of great interest to the future generation mobile communication system. First, measurements in I2I and O2I scenarios, which have advantages in terms of achieving a fair comparison of channel characteristics across different mmWave bands and bandwidths, are performed. Next, the developed dual-slope path loss model with a break-point distance is found to well fit omnidirectional and directional measured I2I data, especially at 39.5 GHz, revealing that the transition from lit or shadow regions to totally blocked regions is abrupt. Combined with space-time propagation characteristics, the indoor blockage effect on path loss and angular spread is investigated, therein being essential for the design of beam-steering and tracking algorithms. Double-directional measurement results show that most dominant paths arrive along the line-ofsight path, and only a few in-building reflections can be detected in higher frequency bands. Based on the joint analysis of channel measurement and modeling results, several mmWave network design and in-building coverage enhancement insights are presented.

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Window and wall penetration loss on-site measurements with three methods

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Impact of Window Penetration Loss on Building Entry Loss From 3.5 to 24 GHz

Impact of Window Penetration Loss on Building Entry Loss From 3.5 to 24 GHz

Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies

In-building coverage of millimeter-wave wireless networks from channel measurement and modeling perspectives

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