Impact of Window Penetration Loss on Building Entry Loss From 3.5 to 24 GHz

Abstract

We investigated the impact of window penetration loss (WinPL) on the frequency dependence of building entry loss (BEL) from 3.5 to 24 GHz. The WinPL characteristics of an ideal double-glazed glass and a real double-glazed window were simulated and measured on-site, respectively, and both results showed almost the same oscillatory characteristics with respect to the frequency changes that occurred due to the impedance oscillation of the double glass-like multilayer dielectrics. Two BEL measurement scenarios were performed to analyze the frequency dependence of BEL in a traditional office building with double-glazed windows identical to those analyzed in the on-site WinPL measurements; the experiments included a complex propagation route (the first scenario) from the facade of the building to the corridors through windows and offices and a simple propagation route (the second scenario) through only windows lateral to the building. Two main aspects can be observed from measurement results. First, BEL showed strong frequency-dependent behavior regardless of the propagation route. Second, the WinPL characteristics of the outer double-glazed window were a main contributor to the frequency dependence of BEL.

Outdoor Line-of-Sight Path Loss Modeling at 140 GHz

“…Outdoor-to-indoor propagation at different mm-wave frequency bands is well investigated [5]- [12], but is less relevant at sub-THz frequencies because of the high building penetration losses. Outdoor channel modelling for fixed wireless access (FWA) and fifth generation (5G) telecommunication networks at mm-wave frequencies is discussed in multiple publications [13]- [16].…”

Comprehensive FR3 and FR1(C) upper-mid band propagation and material penetration loss measurements and channel models in Indoor environment for 5G and 6G

“…Thick uniform plasterboard wall 12 11 co-pol [28] Thick Slightly reinforced nonuniform concrete wall 12 32 co-pol [28] Two layer glass 1.2 3.6 co-pol [53] Single layer glass 0.85 3.2 co-pol [53] Composite wooden door 7 7.2 co-pol [53] 2-layered energy efficient window with metal frame N/A 33 co-pol [59] 1-layered thin glass window with wooden frame N/A 7 co-pol [59] 24 GHz double pane glazed glass 2.4 5 co-pol [61]…”

Wireless Friendliness Evaluation and Optimization for Sandwich Building Materials as Reflectors

“…Plasterboards are often used in interior walls to separate two rooms [26], [27]. Glass and wood are typically used for windows, doors and partitioners [28]. Besides, traditional ingredients used for heat insulation include: mineral wool, fibreglass, cellulose, polystyrene, and polyurethane foam (PUF) [30], [31].…”

“…In summary, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the existing works mainly focus on measuring the signal attenuations [2], [20], [23]- [26], [28], relative permittivities [24], [25], [33], and reflection coefficients [35]- [37] of different sandwich building materials, missing the level of detail and diversity of a sandwich building material necessary for evaluating their impacts on the indoor wireless performance. It is worth noting that the measurement results are only applicable to the same building material or similar substitutes under the measured frequency band.…”