Wind Energy Assessments in the Northern Romanian Coastal Environment Based on 20 Years of Data Coming from Different Sources

Yildirir, Victoria; Rusu, Eugen; Onea, Florin

doi:10.3390/su14074249

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…As a consequence, several research papers focused on the wind energy from this region were published; this is the case for Rusu [14] or Raileanu [29] where an offshore wind farm was proposed to partially cover the energy demand of the Constanta harbor (Romania). In Yildirir et al [30], the wind resources from the onshore and shoreline area were discussed by making a direct comparison between ERA5 and in situ measurements. According to these results, it was found that for the average values, ERA5 underestimates the onshore wind conditions located below 9 m/s, while as we go near the shoreline, a reverse pattern is noticed (close to Sulina site).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At this moment, the geopolitical situation in the Black Sea is not a stable one, with this aspect being reflected in the cost of electricity and due to the fact that some countries from this region (e.g., Romania) are depending on the electricity imports being forced in some cases to reactivate some coal power plants that were closed until now [30]. From all the countries located in the Black Sea area, the best chances to develop an offshore wind project are related to Bulgaria and Romania that may benefit from the initiatives proposed under the European Green Deal [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wind Variation near the Black Sea Coastal Areas Reflected by the ERA5 Dataset

2022

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In the context of the European Green Deal implementation, it is expected that there will be an increase in number of the wind farms located near the coastal areas in order to support this initiative. The Black Sea represents an important source of wind energy, and as a consequence, in the present work the regional wind resources (onshore and offshore) are evaluated by considering a total of 20 years of ERA5 wind data covering the 20-year time interval from January 2002 to December 2021. From a general perspective, it is clear that the offshore areas (100 km from the shoreline) are defined by much higher wind speed values than in the onshore, reaching an average of 8.75 m/s for the points located on the western sector. During the winter, these values can go up to 8.75 m/s, with the mention that the northern sectors from Ukraine and Russia may easily exceed 8 m/s. In terms of the wind turbines’ selection, for the offshore areas defined by consistent wind resources, generators will be considered that are defined by a rated wind speed of 11 m/s. Finally, we can mention that a theoretical offshore wind turbine of 20 MW can reach a capacity factor located between 20.9 and 48.3%, while a maximum annual electricity production of 84.6 GWh may be obtained from the sites located near the Romanian and Ukrainian sectors, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind Variation near the Black Sea Coastal Areas Reflected by the ERA5 Dataset

2022

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“…Romania is a feasible candidate for floating wind implementation [83,84]. However, it lacks electrical infrastructures in the sea areas, which will make it necessary to implement floating wind Power-to-X technology that will do the job of transforming the produced electrical power mainly into hydrogen or compressed air, before accordingly transporting it through ships or other means to offshore or onshore customers.…”

Section: References Regarding the Global Floating Wind Situation With...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Perspectives on Developing Floating Wind Farms

Maktabi,

Rusu

2024

Inventions

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Floating wind is becoming an essential part of renewable energy, and so highlighting perspectives of developing floating wind platforms is very important. In this paper, we focus on floating wind concepts and projects around the world, which will show the reader what is going on with the projects globally, and will also provide insight into the concepts and their corresponding related aspects. The main aim of this work is to classify floating wind concepts in terms of their number and manufacturing material, and to classify the floating wind projects in terms of their power capacity, their number, character (if they are installed or planned) and the corresponding continents and countries where they are based. We will classify the corresponding additional available data that corresponds to some of these projects, with reference to their costs, wind speeds, water depths, and distances to shore. In addition, the floating wind global situation and its corresponding aspects of relevance will be also covered in detail throughout the paper.

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“…where D 0 is the rotor diameter (in m), and X 01 is the distance between two wind turbines. This type of mathematically described model is further used in the respective software, WAsP [40,41]. The results are further presented graphically in the form of maps, making the change and the role of the effect under discussion more understandable.…”

Section: Waspmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Wind Turbine Distances Using a Novel Techno-Spatial Approach in Complex Wind Farm Terrains

2022

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Among the current challenges facing the energy sector is finding environmentally friendly and high-performance forms of energy generation. One such form of energy generation is from the wind. In addition to the fluctuations that cause changes in the generated energy, another factor that significantly affects the overall efficiency of wind farms is the distance between the turbines. In that context, a distance of at least three diameters (3D) onwards is necessary to enable a stable operation. This is more difficult to implement for mountainous terrain due to the terrain configuration’s influence, the turbine units’ positioning, and the mutual influence resulting from their position in the area under consideration. This work investigates the interdependence of the terrain features, the placement of ten turbines in different scenarios, and the impact on the overall efficiency of the wind farm. The place where the wind farm is considered is in Koznica, a mountainous area near Prishtina. An analysis has been carried out for two-diameter (2D), three-diameter (3D), and five-diameter (5D) turbine blade spacing for turbines with a rated power of 3.4 MW. The study considers placement in the following forms: Arc, I, L, M, and V. The results show that for 2D distance layout, the capacity factors for Arc, I, L, M, and V placements have the values: 32.9%, 29.8%, 31.1%, 30.6%, and 37.1%. For the 3D distance, according to these scenarios, the capacity factor values are: 29.9%, 30.8%, 30.4%, 29.3%, and 35.6%. For the longest distance, 5D, the capacity factor values are: 28.9%, 29.9%, 29.4%, 27.6%, and 30.6%. The value of the capacity factor for an optimal layout; is achieved at 39.3%.

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Wind Energy Assessments in the Northern Romanian Coastal Environment Based on 20 Years of Data Coming from Different Sources

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Wind Variation near the Black Sea Coastal Areas Reflected by the ERA5 Dataset

Wind Variation near the Black Sea Coastal Areas Reflected by the ERA5 Dataset

A Review of Perspectives on Developing Floating Wind Farms

Analysis of Wind Turbine Distances Using a Novel Techno-Spatial Approach in Complex Wind Farm Terrains

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