Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance

Abstract

The aims of the present investigation were (i) to determine psychological relapses of COVID-19 booster vaccine; (ii) to identify the determining factors affecting willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine; and (iii) to study the relationship among emotional characteristics (anxiety, stress, depression, optimism), social media information, and the mandatory political choices (i.e., green-pass) in Croatian people. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted for 1003 participants (median age: 40 years) from Croatia during December 2021. Results showed a significant association between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants in all sociodemographic variables, except for gender (p = 0.905). For psychological variables, significant differences were found only for levels of optimism (p < 0.001). People with a postgraduate degree (OR: 2.25, [1.14–4.46], p = 0.020) and PhD (OR: 1.97, [95% CI: 1.01–3.52], p = 0.021) had higher odds of being vaccinated than participants with high school diplomas. Additionally, participants seeking information on TV and radio (OR: 2.35, [1.71–3.23], p < 0.001) or from general practitioner (OR: 2.53, [1.78–3.61], p < 0.001) had higher odds of being vaccinated. Conversely, participants seeking information on social networks (OR: 0.36, [0.27–0.49], p < 0.001), general internet/blogs forums (OR: 0.34, [0.22–0.52], p < 0.001), and from friends or acquaintances (OR: 0.66, [0.48–0.91], p = 0.011) had lower odds of being vaccinated. Additionally, results showed that information policies have failed to fully convince the population to vaccinate and that depression (p = 0.491), anxiety (p = 0.220), and stress (p = 0.521) were not determining factors leading to the decision to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Most of the vaccinated participants perceived the green-pass as potentially useful. In contrast, most unvaccinated participants believed that the green-pass is a form of discrimination and not useful (88%). Further and broader research into possible reasons for continuing or undertaking vaccination is needed. It is recommended to introduce a measure of conformism that represents a change of attitude, belief, or behavior in a narrower sense.

Trust in Science as a Possible Mediator between Different Antecedents and COVID-19 Booster Vaccination Intention: An Integration of Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

“…From a theoretical point of view, our results seem to confirm that the expected effect of subjective norms, and risk perceptions through fear of COVID-19, is mediated by trust in science. Following literature indications [ 14 , 77 , 79 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ], our results also show the role of trust in science as a key factor, able to modulate both the emotional and social factors responsible for the intention to get vaccinated. Indeed, trust in science consistently emerged as a key determinant of adherence to government indications to avoid the spread of SARS-CoV-2 around the world, as several cross-national studies revealed: this has been found to be the case even regarding the most controversial issue, that is, whether to get vaccinated.…”

Factors Influencing the Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines in a Country with a High Vaccination Rate

“…Hence, no influence of the green-pass can be associated with our findings, or to the high vaccination rates reached by the vaccination campaign before July 2021. Additional studies have found that vaccinated people think that a green-pass is useful, while unvaccinated individuals think the opposite [ 44 ].…”

Transition to Endemic: Acceptance of Additional COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Among Canadian Adults in A National Cross-Sectional Survey

“…The proportion of two dose recipients willing to receive a third dose of vaccine was somewhat lower than findings from surveys conducted in other countries during the same time period (79-95.5%). (8-10, 21-24) However, more than 15% of respondents in our study reported they remained undecided about receiving a third dose, including over 10% of those who had not yet received any COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, even in a population with high primary series coverage (almost 90% in our study), there is potential to improve uptake of both primary and additional doses.…”