Wildlife visits to farm facilities assessed by camera traps in a bovine tuberculosis-infected area in France

Payne, Ariane; Chappa, S.; Hars, Jean; Dufour, Barbara; Gilot‐Fromont, Emmanuelle

doi:10.1007/s10344-015-0970-0

Cited by 46 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with previous studies showing the attractiveness of water points for wild boars, especially under dry and hot conditions (15, 18, 20, 34, 35, 37, 38). As a result, interactions among wild boars occurred more often at waterholes than at baited places.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Winter is a period of scarce food resources for badgers whose diet is mainly composed by earthworms, insects, fruits, and cereals (36). These results are in accordance with a previous study in the same area, where Payne et al (15) showed that badgers visits to feeding troughs containing cereals for livestock were also more frequent than visits to water points and that winter was the most favorable season for these visits to occur. Moreover, badgers were more numerous when visiting baited places than when visiting waterholes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Consistently, when estimating wildlife visits on farm facilities in the same area, Payne et al (15) did not observe any red deer visit occurring on mangers and racks in pastures or in farm buildings, whereas visits on salt licks and water points were recorded. Hence, supplementary feeding does not seem to be attractive for red deer in this area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…We defined independent visits as (1) consecutive photographs or footages of individuals of different species, (2) consecutive photographs or footages of individuals of the same species more than 30 min apart, or (3) non-consecutive photographs or footages of the different or same species (15, 23). We included the wild species that have been found infected with bTB in the study area: badger, red deer, and wild boar.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in such a multi-host system, it is difficult to discriminate which type of transmission (within wildlife or between wildlife and cattle) prevails. Previous studies focused on the wildlife–livestock interface in this area (13, 15). Nevertheless, the possibility of bTB maintenance within a wild-living community including several sympatric species is a pending issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wildlife Interactions on Baited Places and Waterholes in a French Area Infected by Bovine Tuberculosis

Payne

Philipon

Hars³

et al. 2017

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Interactions among wildlife species are major drivers for the transmission of multi-host pathogens, such as Mycobacterium bovis, which also affect livestock. Although France is officially free from bovine tuberculosis (bTB), some areas are still harboring infection in cattle and wildlife. We aimed at characterizing the visits of susceptible wild species (badger, red deer, and wild boar) at baited places and waterholes, considered as possible hotspots for contacts. We described the visits in terms of frequency, duration, and number of individuals and studied the influence of the season. Then, we estimated the frequency of intraspecies and interspecies interactions occurring at baited places and waterholes which may lead to bTB transmission, including direct and indirect contacts through the soil or water. We used camera traps placed on baited places and waterholes on 13 locations monitored during 21 months. The number of visits, their duration, and the number of individuals per visit were analyzed by generalized linear mixed models for each targeted species. The frequency of the interspecies and intraspecies interactions was also analyzed separately. The season, the type of site (baited place or waterhole), and the location were the explanatory variables. Badgers’ visits and interactions were more frequent than for other species (mean: 0.60 visit/day and 5.42 interactions/day) especially on baited places. Red deer only visited waterholes. Wild boars visited most often baited places in spring–summer and waterholes in autumn–winter. They came in higher number than other species, especially on baited places. Direct interactions were uncommon. The most frequent interspecies interactions occurred between red deer and wild boar (mean: 4.02 interactions/day). Baited places and waterholes are important interfaces between the different wild species involved in the bTB multi-host system in this area. They can thus promote intraspecies and interspecies bTB transmission. Baiting ban should be carried on and management of waterholes should be considered as tool to limit the spread of bTB in wildlife.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Wildlife Interactions on Baited Places and Waterholes in a French Area Infected by Bovine Tuberculosis

Payne

Philipon

Hars³

et al. 2017

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Interspecific visitation of cattle and badgers to fomites: A transmission risk for bovine tuberculosis?

Campbell

Byrne

Menzies³

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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In Great Britain and Ireland, badgers ( Meles meles ) are a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis and implicated in bovine tuberculosis transmission to domestic cattle. The route of disease transmission is unknown with direct, so‐called “nose‐to‐nose,” contact between hosts being extremely rare. Camera traps were deployed for 64,464 hr on 34 farms to quantify cattle and badger visitation rates in space and time at six farm locations. Badger presence never coincided with cattle presence at the same time, with badger and cattle detection at the same location but at different times being negatively correlated. Badgers were never recorded within farmyards during the present study. Badgers utilized cattle water troughs in fields, but detections were infrequent (equivalent to one badger observed drinking every 87 days). Cattle presence at badger‐associated locations, for example, setts and latrines, were three times more frequent than badger presence at cattle‐associated locations, for example, water troughs. Preventing cattle access to badger setts and latrines and restricting badger access to cattle water troughs may potentially reduce interspecific bTB transmission through reduced indirect contact.

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Wildlife surveillance using deep learning methods

Chen

Little

Mihaylova

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Wildlife conservation and the management of human–wildlife conflicts require cost‐effective methods of monitoring wild animal behavior. Still and video camera surveillance can generate enormous quantities of data, which is laborious and expensive to screen for the species of interest. In the present study, we describe a state‐of‐the‐art, deep learning approach for automatically identifying and isolating species‐specific activity from still images and video data. We used a dataset consisting of 8,368 images of wild and domestic animals in farm buildings, and we developed an approach firstly to distinguish badgers from other species (binary classification) and secondly to distinguish each of six animal species (multiclassification). We focused on binary classification of badgers first because such a tool would be relevant to efforts to manage Mycobacterium bovis (the cause of bovine tuberculosis) transmission between badgers and cattle. We used two deep learning frameworks for automatic image recognition. They achieved high accuracies, in the order of 98.05% for binary classification and 90.32% for multiclassification. Based on the deep learning framework, a detection process was also developed for identifying animals of interest in video footage, which to our knowledge is the first application for this purpose. The algorithms developed here have wide applications in wildlife monitoring where large quantities of visual data require screening for certain species.

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Wildlife visits to farm facilities assessed by camera traps in a bovine tuberculosis-infected area in France

Cited by 46 publications

References 48 publications

Wildlife Interactions on Baited Places and Waterholes in a French Area Infected by Bovine Tuberculosis

Wildlife Interactions on Baited Places and Waterholes in a French Area Infected by Bovine Tuberculosis

Interspecific visitation of cattle and badgers to fomites: A transmission risk for bovine tuberculosis?

Wildlife surveillance using deep learning methods

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