Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for Aldrin and Dieldrin

Deck, Adam T.; Reinke, Emily N.; McCain, Wilfred C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800020-5.00021-1

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Contrary to what we obtained in this study, Donkor et al (2015) reported lower levels of endrin aldehyde in tomatoes obtained from different markets in Ghana with a mean concentration of 0.01 mg kg −1 while Albedair and Alturiqi (2020) reported a mean concentration of 0.036 mg kg −1 for carrot and radish from Saudi Arabia. Aldrin undergoes epoxidation to form dieldrin which breaks down slowly and resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes in the environment (Deck et al , 2015). The Aldrin levels in carrot samples recorded were lower than the mean concentration of 0.125 mg kg −1 reported in carrots from Peja-Kosovo and 0.003 mg kg −1 of dieldrin in tomatoes from the same location (Berisha et al , 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria

Odewale

Sosan

Oyekunle

et al. 2021

BFJ

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PurposeThe study assessed the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks in four regularly consumed fruit vegetables.Design/methodology/approachThe OCPs’ residues were quantified using a gas chromatograph coupled with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and the dietary exposure of children, and adult consumers to the detected OCPs was evaluated using carcinogenic and systemic health risk estimations.FindingsAldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, a-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin were detected in the four fruit vegetables. The predominant OCP residue in carrot, cucumber, tomatoes and watermelon was endosulfan sulphate with mean concentrations of 2.532 mg kg−1, 1.729 mg kg−1, 2.363 mg kg−1 and 1.154 mg kg−1, respectively. The residues levels in some of the fruit vegetables were higher than their respective maximum residue levels (MRLs) of 0.01–0.05 mg kg−1 set by the European Commission with concentrations above MRLs ranging between 25.5% and 100%. The systemic health risk estimations showed that the hazard index (HI) values for carrot (3.20), cucumber (9.25), tomatoes (50.21) and watermelon (16.76) were >1 for children consumers and the respective HI values of 2.87, 15.57 and 5.20 for adult consumers of cucumber, tomatoes and watermelon were >1 which implies potential systemic health risks. Four carcinogens (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide) had cancer risk index values greater than the acceptable risk of 1 in 1 million for both adult and children consumers.Originality/valueThe paper shows that despite the ban on the use of OCPs in Nigeria, they are still being used for agricultural production especially on some locally produced and regularly consumed fruit vegetables as reported in the present study. The non-existence of surveillance programmes on pesticide usage and the lack of proper monitoring of pesticide residues in food products including fruit and vegetables must have contributed to the levels of the detected OCP in the samples analysed. The current daily intake of OCP via contaminated vegetables may pose potential health risks to both the children and adult consumers of the fruit vegetables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria

Odewale

Sosan

Oyekunle

et al. 2021

BFJ

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“…Endosulfan is reported as a commonly used insecticide in management of insects in vegetables in Tanzania and in other developing countries. Dieldrin is a metabolic product of aldrin and it is more stable and persistent in environment than its parent compound (Deck et al, 2015). Detection of dieldrin in the vegetables indicates that its residues are still persisting in the environment and thus contaminate the crops (Lekei et al, 2014a;Manyilizu and Mdegela, 2015;Nonga et al, 2011;Swarman and Velmurugan, 2012).…”

Section: Occurrence Of Pesticide Residues In Vegetablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment for dietary exposure of pesticides among vegetables consumers in Arusha, Tanzania

Kiwango¹

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Information on the extent of pesticide residues in vegetables from Tanzania and risk of dietary exposure to these residues among vegetable consumers is limited. This research assessed the risk of dietary exposure of pesticide residues in vegetable farmers and individuals with non-communicable disorders in Arusha. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to assess pesticide application practices. Observations were made to assess effectiveness of vegetable processing practices at household level, in reducing pesticide residues. Two-point 24 hour recalls and food frequency questionnaire techniques were used to determine vegetable consumption. Raw and ready-to-eat vegetables were sampled and analyzed for pesticide residues using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy. Dietary exposure to pesticide residues was estimated. The results showed that vegetables were contaminated with organophosphates, pyrethroids organochlorines, carbamates and benzoic acid pesticides. Endosulfan and dieldrin which are banned for use in agriculture in Tanzania were quantified in the vegetables at levels above their respective Maximum Residue Levels. Exposure estimations showed that 18.6% of vegetable farmers are at risk of exposure to organophosphates [Hazard index (HI); 1.19], mainly contributed by dimethoate. Individuals with NCDs are at risk of exposure to organophosphates (HI; 1.12) and organochlorines (HI; 1.08) mainly attributed to exposure to chlorpyrifos and endosulfan, respectively. Dietary exposures of pesticides are significantly associated with lack of advice from agricultural extension officers (adjusted odds ratio (AOD) = 6.56; P = 0.031), over-dosage of pesticides in vegetables (AOD = 3.751; P = 0.038) and lack of professional training on pesticide application practices (AOD = 3.37; P = 0.043). Washing vegetables in a bowl two or more times with changing the washing water after one use, (χ 2(1) = 6.56; P = 0.01) or peeling (χ 2(1) = 6.949; P = 0.008 is significantly associated with low levels of pesticides in ready to eat vegetables. Poor practices in washing of minor ingredients (tomato, carrot, sweet pepper and onions) such as washing by water that was previously used to wash the major ingredients has significant association with the occurrence of pesticide residues in vegetables (χ 2 (1) = 25.55; P = 0.001. Based on the findings of this study it is necessary to ensure continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables and training growers on good agricultural practices and best practices on vegetable handling at household level.

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Microbial Degradation of Aldrin and Dieldrin: Mechanisms and Biochemical Pathways

Pang

Lin

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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As members of the organochlorine group of insecticides, aldrin and dieldrin are effective at protecting agriculture from insect pests. However, because of excessive use and a long half-life, they have contributed to the major pollution of the water/soil environments. Aldrin and dieldrin have been reported to be highly toxic to humans and other non-target organisms, and so their use has gradually been banned worldwide. Various methods have been tried to remove them from the environment, including xenon lamps, combustion, ion conversion, and microbial degradation. Microbial degradation is considered the most promising treatment method because of its advantages of economy, environmental protection, and convenience. To date, a few aldrin/dieldrin-degrading microorganisms have been isolated and identified, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma viride, Pleurotus ostreatus, Mucor racemosus, Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Pseudonocardia sp., and a community of anaerobic microorganisms. Many aldrin/dieldrin resistance genes have been identified from insects and microorganisms, such as Rdl, bph, HCo-LGC-38, S2-RDLA302S, CSRDL1A, CSRDL2S, HaRdl-1, and HaRdl-2. Aldrin degradation includes three pathways: the oxidation pathway, the reduction pathway, and the hydroxylation pathway, with dieldrin as a major metabolite. Degradation of dieldrin includes four pathways: oxidation, reduction, hydroxylation, and hydrolysis, with 9-hydroxydieldrin and dihydroxydieldrin as major products. Many studies have investigated the toxicity and degradation of aldrin/dieldrin. However, few reviews have focused on the microbial degradation and biochemical mechanisms of aldrin/dieldrin. In this review paper, the microbial degradation and degradation mechanisms of aldrin/dieldrin are summarized in order to provide a theoretical and practical basis for the bioremediation of aldrin/dieldrin-polluted environment.

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Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for Aldrin and Dieldrin

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria

Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria

Risk assessment for dietary exposure of pesticides among vegetables consumers in Arusha, Tanzania

Microbial Degradation of Aldrin and Dieldrin: Mechanisms and Biochemical Pathways

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