Microbial Degradation of Aldrin and Dieldrin: Mechanisms and Biochemical Pathways

Abstract

As members of the organochlorine group of insecticides, aldrin and dieldrin are effective at protecting agriculture from insect pests. However, because of excessive use and a long half-life, they have contributed to the major pollution of the water/soil environments. Aldrin and dieldrin have been reported to be highly toxic to humans and other non-target organisms, and so their use has gradually been banned worldwide. Various methods have been tried to remove them from the environment, including xenon lamps, combustion, ion conversion, and microbial degradation. Microbial degradation is considered the most promising treatment method because of its advantages of economy, environmental protection, and convenience. To date, a few aldrin/dieldrin-degrading microorganisms have been isolated and identified, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma viride, Pleurotus ostreatus, Mucor racemosus, Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Pseudonocardia sp., and a community of anaerobic microorganisms. Many aldrin/dieldrin resistance genes have been identified from insects and microorganisms, such as Rdl, bph, HCo-LGC-38, S2-RDLA302S, CSRDL1A, CSRDL2S, HaRdl-1, and HaRdl-2. Aldrin degradation includes three pathways: the oxidation pathway, the reduction pathway, and the hydroxylation pathway, with dieldrin as a major metabolite. Degradation of dieldrin includes four pathways: oxidation, reduction, hydroxylation, and hydrolysis, with 9-hydroxydieldrin and dihydroxydieldrin as major products. Many studies have investigated the toxicity and degradation of aldrin/dieldrin. However, few reviews have focused on the microbial degradation and biochemical mechanisms of aldrin/dieldrin. In this review paper, the microbial degradation and degradation mechanisms of aldrin/dieldrin are summarized in order to provide a theoretical and practical basis for the bioremediation of aldrin/dieldrin-polluted environment.

Bioenergetic Shifts in Humpback Whale Fibroblasts Upon Chemical Exposure

“…44−47 Notably, responses to dieldrin varies species to species. 48 Our study reveals a disruption in the oxidative phosphorylation in HuWa TERT cells, with an associated increase in OCR, which contrasts with previously reported studies in terrestrial mammals. Moreover, the lack of an effect on non-mitochondrial respiration rate indicates unchanged cytosolic and extra-mitochondrial ROS.…”

“…However, proton leak has also been hypothesized as a strategy for cell survival by minimizing oxidative damage . Dieldrin’s impact on mammalian cells has been extensively documented in previous studies, revealing mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by a decrease in oxygen consumption, an increase in the accumulation of ROS, increased oxidative stress, and inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport system. − Notably, responses to dieldrin varies species to species . Our study reveals a disruption in the oxidative phosphorylation in HuWa TERT cells, with an associated increase in OCR, which contrasts with previously reported studies in terrestrial mammals.…”

First report on pollutant accumulation and associated microbial communities in the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759) from the sub‐Arctic Pasvik River (Norway)

“…Finally, heptachlor epoxide—beta did not occur in sediment, but it was present in the sponge, thus again suggesting that it can derive from water. To date, a few dieldrin‐degrading bacteria (as well as fungi) have been isolated and identified, along with anaerobic microorganisms (Pang et al, 2022). In our study, Patescibacteria were positively correlated with dieldrin.…”

Distribution, Sources, and Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water from Beiluo River, Loess Plateau, China

“…After entering the human body through different exposure routes, DRINs accumulate because the human body cannot metabolize them [ 73 ]. DRINs are immunogenic in humans and lead to dopaminergic neurodegeneration, which causes chemically immunohemolytic anemia, Parkinson’s disease, or liver dysfunction [ 74 , 75 ]. Therefore, continuous monitoring and risk assessment of DRINs should be carried out in the future.…”