Widespread Tannin Intake Via Stimulants and Masticatories, Especially Guaraná, Kola Nut, Betel Vine, and Accessories

Morton, Julia F.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3476-1_45

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…We have previously reported an association between chewing habit and cervical cancer in Southern India, where paan is chiefly composed of betel leaves, areca nut, and tobacco (Rajkumar et al, 2003). In Nigeria, women reported chewing kolanut almost exclusively (Cola nitida and Cola acuminata), which is high in caffeine, and serves as a stimulant (Morton 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study

et al. 2004

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To investigate the prevalence of and the risk factors for cervical infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) in an inner-city area of Ibadan, Nigeria, we interviewed and obtained a sample of cervical cells from 932 sexually active women aged 15 years or older. A total of 32 different HPV types were identified with an HPV prevalence of 26.3% overall and 24.8% among women without cervical lesions; or age-standardised to the world standard population of 28.3 and 27.3%, respectively. High-risk HPV types predominated, most notably HPV 16, 31, 35 and 58. In all, 33.5% of infections involved more than one HPV type. Unlike most populations studied so far, HPV prevalence was high not only among young women, but also in middle and old age. Single women (odds ratio, OR ¼ 2.1; 95% confidence interval, CI ¼ 1.1 -3.9) and illiterate women (OR ¼ 1.7; 95%CI ¼ 1.1 -2.5) showed increased HPV positivity. Associations were also found with anti-Herpes simplex-2 antibodies (OR ¼ 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1 -2.1) and with the husband's extramarital relationships (OR ¼ 1.6: 95% CI: 1.0 -2.6). High prevalence of HPV in all age groups may be a distinctive feature of populations where HPV transmission continues into middle age and cervical cancer incidence is very high.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study

et al. 2004

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“…A nonspecific increase in sexually oriented behavior occurs with the intake of central nervous system stimulants, such as amphetamine, cocaine, dopaminergic agents, caffeine, antiserotonin drugs, cannabis, and marijuana. Various stimulants are present in beverages and chewable derivatives of the kola nut, guarana, and betel nut, the use of which as recreational and aphrodisiac drugs is widespread in Africa, Asia, and Latin America [11]. These nuts also contain Aphrodisiacs past anE present tannin, whose carcinogenic and antinutritional properties are well known.…”

Section: Substances That Increase Libidomentioning

confidence: 98%

Aphrodisiacs past and present: A historical review

Sandroni

2001

Clinical Autonomic Research

122

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The drug Viagra (sildenafil) has drawn public attention to aphrodisiacs. The search for such substances dates back millennia. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their mode of action into 3 types: those that increase (1) libido, (2) potency, or (3) sexual pleasure. Various substances of animal and plant origin have been used in folk medicines of different cultures; some have been identified pharmacologically, allowing for understanding of their mechanisms of action. For increasing libido, ambrein, a major constituent of Ambra grisea, is used in Arab countries. This tricyclic triterpene alcohol increases the concentration of several anterior pituitary hormones and serum testosterone. Bufo toad skin and glands contain bufotenine (and other bufadienolides), a putative hallucinogenic congener of serotonin. It is the active ingredient in West Indian "love stone" and the Chinese medication chan su. The aphrodisiac properties are likely of central origin, as are the other effects of the drug. For increasing potency, Panax ginseng used in traditional Chinese medicine, works as an antioxidant by enhancing nitric oxide synthesis in the endothelium of many organs, including the corpora cavernosa; ginsenosides also enhance acetylcholine-induced and transmural nerve stimulation-activated relaxation associated with increased tissue cyclic guanosine monophosphate, hence the aphrodisiac properties. For increasing sexual pleasure, cantharidin ("Spanish fly") is a chemical with vesicant properties derived from blister beetles, which have been used for millennia as a sexual stimulant. Its mode of action is by inhibition of phosphodiesterase and protein phosphatase activity and stimulation of beta-receptors, inducing vascular congestion and inflammation. Morbidity from its abuse is significant. The ingestion of live beetles (Palembus dermestoides) in Southeast Asia and triatomids in Mexico may have a basis similar to cantharidin. It is of paramount importance for the physician to be aware of the options available to help his or her patients, and to advise them in using the correct drugs while avoiding "miracle" remedies that could be potentially harmful.

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“…In addition, guarana content in polyphenols (tannic-, caffeic-and gallic-acid) may well account for its use as a digestive tonic, but it also raises some concerns about its use as tannins are increasingly recognised antinutrients and dietary carcinogens (Ferguson, 2001;Morton, 1992). Its chemical composition features xanthic bases such as caffeine (25,000-75,000 ppm), theophylline (500-750 ppm) and theobromine (300-500 ppm) (Belliardo et al, 1985), the latter two being found in guarana bark, flowers and leaves, but not in the seeds (Henman, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Paullinia cupana Mart.

Basile

Ferrara

Pezzo

et al. 2005

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

145

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Widespread Tannin Intake Via Stimulants and Masticatories, Especially Guaraná, Kola Nut, Betel Vine, and Accessories

Cited by 31 publications

References 17 publications

Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study

Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study

Aphrodisiacs past and present: A historical review

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Paullinia cupana Mart.

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