Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study

Abstract

To investigate the prevalence of and the risk factors for cervical infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) in an inner-city area of Ibadan, Nigeria, we interviewed and obtained a sample of cervical cells from 932 sexually active women aged 15 years or older. A total of 32 different HPV types were identified with an HPV prevalence of 26.3% overall and 24.8% among women without cervical lesions; or age-standardised to the world standard population of 28.3 and 27.3%, respectively. High-risk HPV types predominated, most notably HPV 16, 31, 35 and 58. In all, 33.5% of infections involved more than one HPV type. Unlike most populations studied so far, HPV prevalence was high not only among young women, but also in middle and old age. Single women (odds ratio, OR ¼ 2.1; 95% confidence interval, CI ¼ 1.1 -3.9) and illiterate women (OR ¼ 1.7; 95%CI ¼ 1.1 -2.5) showed increased HPV positivity. Associations were also found with anti-Herpes simplex-2 antibodies (OR ¼ 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1 -2.1) and with the husband's extramarital relationships (OR ¼ 1.6: 95% CI: 1.0 -2.6). High prevalence of HPV in all age groups may be a distinctive feature of populations where HPV transmission continues into middle age and cervical cancer incidence is very high.

Human papillomavirus infection in women with and without cervical cancer in Nepal

“…The agespecific curve of HPV prevalence in Nepal resembled the flat age curves reported previously in some low-resource countries in Asia and Africa [15][16][17][18]24], albeit at a lower level of HPV prevalence. It clearly differed, on the other hand, from the steep decrease in HPV prevalence seen by age in high-and medium-resource countries in Europe, the Americas, and Asia [23,25].…”

Cervical carcinoma in Algiers, Algeria: Human papillomavirus and lifestyle risk factors

“…The prevalence of HPV infection (12.4%) among control women in Algiers was intermediate, between the low prevalence found in some age groups in some parts of Spain 14 and Asia 15 and the high prevalence found in sub-Saharan Africa 16 and Latin America. 17 These differences in the prevalence of HPV in cancerfree women are consistent with the wide variations observed in CC incidence rates (e.g., 2-to 4-fold greater rates in sub-Saharan Africa than in Algeria 1 ).…”

“…PCR positivity was assessed by means of hybridization of PCR products in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using 2 HPV oligoprobe cocktails that together detect the following 36 HPV types: HPV 6,11,16,18, 8 In parallel, HPV positivity was assessed by low-stringency Southern blot analysis of GP5 ϩ /6 ϩ PCR products with a cocktail probe of HPV-specific DNA fragments in order to detect HPV types not represented in the EIA cocktail probes. Only one control appeared in our present study to be EIA-negative but -positive at Southern blot.…”

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in Turin, Italy

“…Much lower HPV prevalence was observed in other southern European countries, like Spain (3%) [15] and Greece (2.5%) [14]. Community-based surveys on continents other than Europe and North America have shown a broad range of prevalence, from 2% in Hanoi, Vietnam [10], to 26% in Ibadan, Nigeria [13], among women aged 15-74 years.…”

“…Few such studies have been conducted [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], particularly in Southern Europe [14,15], and no large population-based survey of the prevalence of type-specific HPV is available for Italy.…”