Widespread insecticide resistance in head lice to the over-the-counter pediculocides in England, and the emergence of carbaryl resistance

Downs, A. M. R.; Stafford, Kathryn; Hunt, LP; Ravenscroft, Jane; Coles, Garill A.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04473.x

Cited by 120 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As pyrethroid susceptible strains of head lice were not available for reference, a susceptible strain of body lice (S-BL) was used instead based on the similarity between pyrethroid susceptibility in body lice and head lice with no history of exposure (Downs et al 2002;Mougabure Cueto et al 2006). Our body louse colony, originated from a colony reared in the Department of Parasitology at the University of Queensland, Australia, was maintained at 29+/−1°C and 50-60% RH.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of increased specific and non-specific esterases and glutathione transferases associated with resistance to permethrin in pediculus humanus capitis (phthiraptera: pediculidae) from Argentina

et al. 2009

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Enhanced metabolism by oxidative enzymes is a major cause of pyrethroid resistance in insects. In this work, we evaluated the role of specific and non-specific esterases in head louse populations from Buenos Aires with different levels of resistance to permethrin. As esterase activity is substrate-dependent, four different esters were used as unspecific substrates in order to obtain a better characterization of the possible role of these enzymes in the resistance phenomenon. The unspecific substrates were phenylthioacetate, 1- and 2-naphtyl-acetate, and p-nitrophenyl acetate. A 7-coumaryl permethrate was synthesized and used as a specific substrate to measure pyrethroid esterases by a very sensitive microfluorometric method. The results on pyrethroid esterase activity obtained with this substrate showed that these enzymes contribute to the detoxifying activity in resistant populations, although no correlation was found between pyrethroid esterase activity and resistance ratios. In this study, we established that the activity of esterase against specific and non-specific substrates is increased in pyrethroid-resistant populations of head lice from Buenos Aires. Also, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance values demonstrated that there is a DDT cross-resistance phenomenon in pyrethroid-resistant head louse populations and suggested that an alteration in the receptor of the nervous system (kdr gen) is a key factor of the resistance phenomena in these head louse populations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of increased specific and non-specific esterases and glutathione transferases associated with resistance to permethrin in pediculus humanus capitis (phthiraptera: pediculidae) from Argentina

et al. 2009

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“…Topical insecticides based on insecticidal chemicals are still the mainstay of head lice treatment (Heukelbach and Feldmeier 2004), and resistance to the common over-thecounter pediculicides has been reported repeatedly by clinicians and confirmed by in vitro studies (Burkhart et al 1998;Burkhart and Burkhart 2006;Downs et al 2002;Elston 2003;Hunter and Barker 2003;Mumcuoglu et al 1995;Picollo et al 2000;Yoon et al 2003). Resistance is particularly frequent in countries where head lice are common and where chemical insecticides are extensively used, such as in the US, UK, Israel, and Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A new shampoo based on neem (Azadirachta indica) is highly effective against head lice in vitro

2006

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Because topical compounds based on insecticidal chemicals are the mainstay of head lice treatment, but resistance is increasing, alternatives, such as herbs and oils are being sold to treat head lice. To test a commercial shampoo based on seed extract of Azadirachta indica (neem tree) for its in vitro effect, head lice (n=17) were collected from school children in Australia and immersed in Wash-Away Louse shampoo (Alpha-Biocare GmbH, Germany). Vitality was evaluated for more than 3 h by examination under a dissecting microscope. Positive and negative controls were a commercially available head lice treatment containing permethrin 1% (n=19) and no treatment (n=14). All lice treated with the neem shampoo did not show any vital signs from the initial examination after immersion at 5-30 min; after 3 h, only a single louse showed minor signs of life, indicated by gut movements, a mortality of 94%. In the permethrin group, mortality was 20% at 5 min, 50% at 15 min, and 74% after 3 h. All 14 head lice of the negative control group survived during the observation period. Our data show that Wash-Away Louse is highly effective in vitro against head lice. The neem shampoo was more effective than the permethrin-based product. We speculate that complex plant-based compounds will replace the well-defined chemical pediculicides if resistance to the commonly used products further increases.

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“…Resistance in head lice to 1% permethrin is well recognized and is extensive. [20][21][22] In contrast, 5% permethrin has been a standard treatment for scabies for more than 20 years, with no apparent evidence of clinical resistance (D. Taplin, AIMLT, oral communication, 2000). Permethrin was introduced for scabies therapy in Australia in 1994, and the slow in vitro killing time and clinical failure now observed in crusted scabies may herald emerging permethrin resistance in S scabiei.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acaricidal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil

Walton¹,

McKinnon²,

Pizzutto³

et al. 2004

Arch Dermatol

155

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Tea Tree oil (TTO) contains beneficial properties such as antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-fungal. Whereas, the medium chain fatty acids in Virgin Coconut oil (VCO) able to protect hair follicles from heat, restoring hair's moisture and other damage. This paper describes the physical properties of seven hair shampoo formulations containing differing amount of TTO and VCO. The essential oils (TTO) applied in these formulations were extracted from fresh tea trees using steam distillation method and the VCO was produced from fermentation of fresh mature kernel coconut. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted to determine the essential oil components of TTO and fatty acid composition of VCO. The shampoo formulations were subjected to evaluation of several parameters namely organoleptic, pH, viscosity, total solid content, foam stability, and dirt dispersion. The results show that the TTO was composed of terpene hydrocarbons with terpinene-4-ol as the major component; meanwhile lauric acid is major component of VCO. All the shampoo formulations were acid-balanced with pH range between 6.23 -6.43; total solid contents were between 29.92 -35.61%; stable foaming with the same foam volume for 4 minutes and no dirt was observed. Rheological test showed formulation with 6% TTO (0% VCO) has pseudo-plastic behavior and relatively lower total solid content which are desirable attributes in hair shampoo. Overall, TTO-and VCO-containing shampoo formulations showed ideal physicochemical properties for hair cleansing and treatments.

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Widespread insecticide resistance in head lice to the over-the-counter pediculocides in England, and the emergence of carbaryl resistance

Cited by 120 publications

References 17 publications

Activity of increased specific and non-specific esterases and glutathione transferases associated with resistance to permethrin in pediculus humanus capitis (phthiraptera: pediculidae) from Argentina

Activity of increased specific and non-specific esterases and glutathione transferases associated with resistance to permethrin in pediculus humanus capitis (phthiraptera: pediculidae) from Argentina

A new shampoo based on neem (Azadirachta indica) is highly effective against head lice in vitro

Acaricidal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil

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