Wide area monitoring, protection, and control application in islanding detection for grid integrated distributed generation: A review

Abstract

The assimilation of Distributed Generation (DG) into the electric power system (EPS) has become more attractive as the world is following a trend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by introducing more renewable energy forms resulting in high penetration scenarios. This high penetration of DGs brings several challenges to the protection philosophy of the EPS which compromises its reliability, availability, and efficiency. Under high DG penetration scenarios, conventional islanding detection methods (Idms) fail to detect an island as the grid loses its inertia to leverage a significant frequency and voltage mismatch necessary for Idms to effectively detect an islanding event. This has given rise to the birth of Artificial Intelligent (AI) methods that are found to perform better in islanding detection. AI Idms are computationally intensive and require a lot of data to operate accurately. Because the computational burden of these methods requires fast computing hardware, the current trend of AI Idms are integrated with Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC) system. This paper aims at reviewing all these Idms and the WAMPAC’s system latency when hosting AI Idms which are currently the best in islanding detection. This is done to determine if the WAMPAC system latency plus Idms computational time meet the islanding detection time specified by the IEEE Standard 1547 framework.

Evaluation of Passive Islanding Detection Methods for Line to Ground Unsymmetrical Fault in Three Phase Microgrid Systems: Microgrid Islanding Detection Method

“…The under/over voltage protection (UVP/OVP) and under/over frequency protection (UFP/OFP) methods are very simple and incorporated in all grid connected inverters and relays connected with DG system protection. In these methods, the voltage and frequency are both constantly monitored at the PCC [1,8], where:…”

“…Both these islanding detection methods leave behind a large NDZ. The islanding detection may fail, when ∆P and ∆Q are close to zero [8].…”

“…If the mismatch is too small (less than 15%) the islanding cannot be detected and hence the formation of the NDZ. Figure 4 shows the NDZ for different power mismatch percentages [8,9]. When the reference value is 88% and 110% (as per Table I), under / over voltage and grid RMS Voltage ܸ = 415V, then Vmax = 456V and Vmin = 365V.…”

Fault detection in an interconnected power system using optimal number of phasor measurement unit

“…The introduction of phasor measurement units (PMUs) has transformed power system measurement and control studies are presented in [14]- [25]. Tshenyego et al [14] have described a wide range of strategies for incorporating PMUs into power system protection.…”

“…The introduction of phasor measurement units (PMUs) has transformed power system measurement and control studies are presented in [14]- [25]. Tshenyego et al [14] have described a wide range of strategies for incorporating PMUs into power system protection. Phadke et al [15] proposed a fault detection approach based on voltage and current phasor sequence components, but their work is limited to a two-bus system and does not include fault classification or localization algorithms.…”