“…The VPTS includes an RGBD (R: Red, G: Green, B: Blue, D: Depth) camera (Intel Realsense D435i, Intel, United States) and a projector, where the projector is designed and manufactured based on an SLM (PLUTO-NIR-011, HOLOEYE, Germany). The SLM has the advantages of stable phase delay, a multifocal plane, aberration calibration by software, a simple optical engine, and high optical efficiency, 37 which has been proven to be used in making miniaturized high-resolution projectors 38 , 39 . During projection, the preoperative images are registered with the real surgical surface using visual localization technology, and the RGBD camera monitors the target in real time during the surgery.…”