“…OFDM, which has a high spectral efficiency and easy implementation, is used as a self-encryption via the constellation rotation principal. It has been incorporated into different protocols including IEEE 802.11 a/g/n, IEEE 802.16 WiMAX, the frequency domain [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], data scrambling in the time domain [ 32 ], rotation of the modulation symbols [ 33 ], and noise-enhanced constellation rotation [ 34 , 35 ] for many of these reasons. Research has looked at using PLE, such as constellation scrambling, to increase the security level of OFDM.…”