Why you should look where you are going

Wann, John P.; Swapp, David

doi:10.1038/76602

Cited by 144 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This finding can be used to consider the generality of theories of sensory-locomotion coordination based on studies of visual animals. For humans, the relationship between gaze direction and motion has been interpreted in the context of visual cues such as optic flow (Wann and Swapp, 2000;Warren et al, 2001;Wilkie and Wann, 2003;Fajen and Warren, 2004). One leading hypothesis is that a visually guided animal steers by centering the focus of expansion (FOE) of optic flow on a locomotor goal (Gibson, 1950(Gibson, , 1966.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One leading hypothesis is that a visually guided animal steers by centering the focus of expansion (FOE) of optic flow on a locomotor goal (Gibson, 1950(Gibson, , 1966. A theoretical paper by Wann and Swapp (2000) suggests that subjects direct gaze toward a locomotor goal to minimize errors in computing the FOE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such studies have suggested that subjects make anticipatory gaze movements with their head and eyes during locomotion. The anticipatory relationship between gaze and locomotion has contributed to hypotheses of how visual information is used by the nervous system to guide movement (Grasso et al, 1998;Land, 1999;Wann and Swapp, 2000). Studies on chasing in the housefly (Land and Collett, 1974) and prey pursuit in tiger beetles (Gilbert, 1997) have expressed this anticipatory coupling in terms of a locomotor gain between visual direction to a target and locomotor output.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Steering by Hearing: A Bat’s Acoustic Gaze Is Linked to Its Flight Motor Output by a Delayed, Adaptive Linear Law

Ghose

Moss²

2006

J. Neurosci.

111

108

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Adaptive behaviors require sensorimotor computations that convert information represented initially in sensory coordinates to commands for action in motor coordinates. Fundamental to these computations is the relationship between the region of the environment sensed by the animal (gaze) and the animal's locomotor plan. Studies of visually guided animals have revealed an anticipatory relationship between gaze direction and the locomotor plan during target-directed locomotion. Here, we study an acoustically guided animal, an echolocating bat, and relate acoustic gaze (direction of the sonar beam) to flight planning as the bat searches for and intercepts insect prey. We show differences in the relationship between gaze and locomotion as the bat progresses through different phases of insect pursuit. We define acoustic gaze angle, gaze , to be the angle between the sonar beam axis and the bat's flight path. We show that there is a strong linear linkage between acoustic gaze angle at time t [ gaze (t)] and flight turn rate at time t ϩ into the future [ . flight (t ϩ )], which can be expressed by the formula . flight (t ϩ ) ϭ k gaze (t). The gain, k, of this linkage depends on the bat's behavioral state, which is indexed by its sonar pulse rate. For high pulse rates, associated with insect attacking behavior, k is twice as high compared with low pulse rates, associated with searching behavior. We suggest that this adjustable linkage between acoustic gaze and motor output in a flying echolocating bat simplifies the transformation of auditory information to flight motor commands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Steering by Hearing: A Bat’s Acoustic Gaze Is Linked to Its Flight Motor Output by a Delayed, Adaptive Linear Law

Ghose

Moss²

2006

J. Neurosci.

111

108

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“…In fact, several authors have proposed that the guidance of locomotion can be achieved using purely visual egocentric direction information, without using optic flow [45 -47]. Alternatively, a driver might use active gaze strategies to simplify the analysis of optic flow [48,49]. This latter hypothesis led to the formulation of a theoretical model of heading based on optic flow and visual egocentric direction cues [11].…”

Section: In Mathematical Terms Using a Simplified Version Of The Lonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating perception in driving simulation experiments

Kemeny

Panerai

2003

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

275

147

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The use of driving simulation for vehicle design and driver perception studies is expanding rapidly. This is largely because simulation saves engineering time and costs, and can be used for studies of road and traffic safety. How applicable driving simulation is to the real world is unclear however, because analyses of perceptual criteria carried out in driving simulation experiments are controversial. On the one hand, recent data suggest that, in driving simulators with a large field of view, longitudinal speed can be estimated correctly from visual information. On the other hand, recent psychophysical studies have revealed an unexpectedly important contribution of vestibular cues in distance perception and steering, prompting a re-evaluation of the role of visuo-vestibular interaction in driving simulation studies.Vehicle driving implies perception and control of selfmotion at a greater range of velocities than locomotion by walking. It is often considered to be a task dominated by visual information. However, it is well-established that other sensory information, such as that provided by the vestibular and PROPRIOCEPTIVE (see Glossary) channels, also contributes to the perception and control of selfmotion. Motivated by a recent renewed interest in the role and function of these non-visual sensory modalities, we aim in this review to re-evaluate the role of visuovestibular interactions in driving simulation experiments, and to assess how applicable driving simulation is to the real world for studies of vehicle dynamics or driver behaviour.In 1938 Gibson [1] proposed a psychophysical theory of perception for automobile-driving, defining a 'terrain of field of space' for the driver, with the car considered as a tool of locomotion and the driver aiming to drive in the middle of a 'field of safe travel'. In 1950 he described the visual perception of space [2] based on visual depth, distance or orientation stimulus variables. OPTIC FLOW, one of the most important visual cues he proposed, is defined as the visual motion experienced as a result of walking or driving, and it is thought to play a dominant role in the control of heading [3] and collision detection [4 -7]. However, regarding the control of the direction of movement in natural environments (i.e. walking), there is still disagreement over whether the structure of the flow [8,9] or the visual EGOCENTRIC DIRECTION per se [10,11] is the dominant source of information. It is not clear either whether the same strategies used for natural locomotion apply to driving situations where displacements occur at higher velocities. Interestingly, a new point of view on these controversial issues was recently provided by experiments performed in driving simulators [12]. However, Gibson's original theory also included a definition of the perceptual field of the car itself, bringing to the driver kinaesthetic and tactile cues. These ideas were applied to driving simulation from the early 1980s [13][14][15], and since then many simulator experiments have been carried out for...

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“…Royden, Crowell, and Banks, 1994, but cf. Kim andTurvey, 1998 andSchwapp, 2000). This resemblance between the two flows indeed exists, but is easy to see that in our stimuli it cannot last longer than a fraction of the duration, as much larger rotations are simulated (see also Ehrlich, Beck et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visuo-vestibular interaction in the reconstruction of travelled trajectories

Bertin

Berthoz

2004

Experimental Brain Research

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We recently published a study of the reconstruction of passively travelled trajectories from optic flow. Perception was prone to illusions in a number of conditions, and not always veridical in the others. Part of the illusionary reconstructed trajectories could be explained by assuming that subjects base their reconstruction on the ego-motion percept built during the stimulus' initial moments. In the current paper, we test this hypothesis using a novel paradigm: if the final reconstruction is governed by the initial percept, providing additional, extra-retinal information that modifies the initial percept should predictably alter the final reconstruction. The extra-retinal stimulus was tuned to supplement the information that was under-represented or ambiguous in the optic flow: the subjects were physically displaced or rotated at the onset of the visual stimulus. A highly asymmetric velocity profile (high acceleration, very low deceleration) was used.Subjects were required to guide an input device (in the form of a model vehicle; we measured position and orientation) along the perceived trajectory. We show for the first time that a vestibular stimulus of short duration can influence the perception of a much longer lasting visual stimulus. Perception of the ego-motion translation component in the visual stimulus was improved by a linear physical displacement: perception of the ego-motion rotation component by a physical rotation. This led to a more veridical reconstruction in some conditions, but to a less veridical reconstruction in other conditions.

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Why you should look where you are going

Cited by 144 publications

References 11 publications

Steering by Hearing: A Bat’s Acoustic Gaze Is Linked to Its Flight Motor Output by a Delayed, Adaptive Linear Law

Steering by Hearing: A Bat’s Acoustic Gaze Is Linked to Its Flight Motor Output by a Delayed, Adaptive Linear Law

Evaluating perception in driving simulation experiments

Visuo-vestibular interaction in the reconstruction of travelled trajectories

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