Why we should keep talking about fake news

Pepp, Jessica; Michaelson, Eliot; Sterken, Rachel Katharine

doi:10.1080/0020174x.2019.1685231

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Over the past years, the literature on truth, facts, and fake has grown exponentially, with particularly high outputs after the 2016 US presidential election. Initial resistance against accepting fake news as an academic term due to its perceived imprecision (Habgood-Coote, 2019;Tandoc et al, 2018) appears to have given way to a certain normalisation (Egelhofer and Lecheler, 2019;Egelhofer et al, 2020;Pepp et al, 2019). In this article, the term fake news is understood broadly as false information, regardless of content categories, disseminators' intentions, or affected interests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Official Truths in a War on Fake News: Governmental Fact-Checking in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand

Schuldt

2021

Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs

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This article analyses the practice of state-operated fact-checking websites in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. It is the first empirical study of governmental news corrections in Southeast Asia and covers more than 2,700 official posts published by Malaysia’s Sebenarnya.my, Singapore’s Factually, and Thailand’s Anti-Fake News Center. It finds that correction practices across the sites mainly function to sustain the salience of a supposedly constant and omnipresent fake news threat. Assuming an important role in strategic political communication, official fact checks accompany domestic fake news discourses that prepare the ground for restrictive legislation. At the same time, the analysis did not reveal any propagandistic abuse as the sites refrained from excessively defending governments and accusing political opponents. This finding is qualified regarding Singapore’s Factually that recently changed its approach towards targeting government critics personally.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Official Truths in a War on Fake News: Governmental Fact-Checking in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand

Schuldt

2021

Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs

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“…First, it is an expression with a changing meaning, since, before 2016, it referred only to satirical news, with the intention of entertaining the audience through humor and satire [22,23], later acquiring different meanings, intentions, and productions that threaten journalism [24,25] and democracy itself [26,27]. Second, the expression fake news has become a buzzword [3,12,[28][29][30], an empty word, recurrently associated with something bad or simply false [19], with a "floating" meaning that is sensitive to various contexts [31]. Third, the political burden that the term entails, in the sense that the expression is recurrently used in the discourse of political actors mainly to discredit opposing ideas or parties, as a kind of weapon in the battlefield of contemporary political debate [32,33], has been one of the major obstacles to its definition, as well as serving as an argument for other authors to refute the validity of the concept (see [12,34]).…”

Section: Defining Fake News: a Current Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A group of experts from the European Commission, precisely because of its polysemic nature, chose to use the term disinformation instead of "fake news" [14]; Meel and Vishwakarma [8] opted for the terminology "information pollution", while Wardle and Derakhshan [10] opted for "information disorder" and Kapantai et al [11] preferred the use of the terminology "false information". However, for other authors, the concept of fake news continues to deserve to be used, even if the complexity of its meaning is recognized and a common definition is incessantly sought, albeit without great success [2,6,[15][16][17][18][19][20]. With the popularity that the term has reached, several academics have focused on the topic, namely with attempts to create a univocal definition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Working Definition of Fake News

Baptista

Gradim

2022

Encyclopedia

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Current literature on fake news is rather abundant and mainly focused on history, variety, and types, rather than processes. This review draws on current literature to build a working definition of fake news focused on its present relevance to journalism and political communication contemporary debate, distinguishing it from non-pertinent conceptual varieties and contributing to a much-needed clarification on the subject. We performed a qualitative analysis of the literature published between 2016 and 2020. Data were extracted from Web of Science and Scopus. We define fake news as a type of online disinformation with misleading and/or false statements that may or may not be associated with real events, intentionally designed to mislead and/or manipulate a specific or imagined public through the appearance of a news format with an opportunistic structure (title, image, content) to attract the reader’s attention in order to obtain more clicks and shares and, therefore, greater advertising revenue and/or ideological gain.

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“…Although the term "fake news" is contested by some journalists and academics [67]- [69], it is still relevant to promote debates on digital literacy and encourage scholarly work on the issue [70]. Moreover, the justification behind the call for a ban has been demonstrated to be insufficient for abandoning the term [71].…”

Section: Misinformation and Fake Newsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Intelligence Crime: An Overview of Malicious Use and Abuse of AI

2022

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The capabilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) evolve rapidly and affect almost all sectors of society. AI has been increasingly integrated into criminal and harmful activities, expanding existing vulnerabilities, and introducing new threats. This article reviews the relevant literature, reports, and representative incidents which allows to construct a typology of the malicious use and abuse of systems with AI capabilities. The main objective is to clarify the types of activities and corresponding risks. Our starting point is to identify the vulnerabilities of AI models and outline how malicious actors can abuse them. Subsequently, we explore AI-enabled and AI-enhanced attacks. While we present a comprehensive overview, we do not aim for a conclusive and exhaustive classification. Rather, we provide an overview of the risks of enhanced AI application, that contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the issue. Specifically, we suggest four types of malicious abuse of AI (integrity attacks, unintended AI outcomes, algorithmic trading, membership inference attacks) and four types of malicious use of AI (social engineering, misinformation/fake news, hacking, autonomous weapon systems). Mapping these threats enables advanced reflection of governance strategies, policies, and activities that can be developed or improved to minimize risks and avoid harmful consequences. Enhanced collaboration among governments, industries, and civil society actors is vital to increase preparedness and resilience against malicious use and abuse of AI.

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Why we should keep talking about fake news

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Official Truths in a War on Fake News: Governmental Fact-Checking in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand

Official Truths in a War on Fake News: Governmental Fact-Checking in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand

A Working Definition of Fake News

Artificial Intelligence Crime: An Overview of Malicious Use and Abuse of AI

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