Why Good Is More Alike Than Bad: Processing Implications

Alves, Hans; Koch, Alex; Unkelbach, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.12.006

Cited by 141 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…A similar finding was reported by Maglio and Polman (2016), who also found that large and small downward changes in probability estimates affected perceived uncertainty to about the same extent. Revisions going in the "wrong" direction may be considered more deviant and attract more attention than those that have become more "right", in line with other negativity effects in judgment (for an overview, see Alves, Koch & Unkelbach, 2017). In this particular case, to miss a possibly disastrous El Niño (a false negative) may be worse than to incorrectly predict it (a false positive).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

When probabilities change: perceptions and implications of trends in uncertain climate forecasts

Hohle

Teigen

2018

Journal of Risk Research

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Past research has revealed a trend effect when people are faced with a revised probabilistic forecast: A forecasted event that has become more (vs. less) certain is taken to signal a trend towards even stronger (weaker) certainty in future revisions of the forecast. The present paper expands this finding by exploring the boundary conditions of the trend effect and how it affects judgments of the forecaster. In Study 1, the trend effect was shown to persist when receivers process the forecast more deliberately, by considering reasons for the revision. In Study 2, trend continuation was predicted even when the two forecasts were made by different experts at different points in time. Study 3 demonstrated that the effect disappears when receivers are given an earlier forecast disrupting the linearity of the trend (e.g., a 60%-70% sequence preceded by a 70% forecast). In Study 4, two forecasters were perceived as more in agreement when revising divergent probabilities in the same rather than in opposite directions. If the event occurs, a forecast with downgraded probability (e.g. from 50% to 40%) was judged to be less accurate than an equally uncertain single forecast (40%).These results demonstrate the robustness of the trend effect based on two forecasts, affecting not only receivers' expectations of what comes next, but also their perceptions of the forecaster and of forecast accuracy. The findings have implications for how people communicate and understand risks and other uncertain events in areas such as climate science, weather prediction, political science and medicine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

When probabilities change: perceptions and implications of trends in uncertain climate forecasts

Hohle

Teigen

2018

Journal of Risk Research

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“…Moreover, images were matched regarding the content across the three emotional categories to contain an equal amount of humans and animals. To counteract problems with respect to greater diversity in negative pictures (Alves, Koch, & Unkelbach, 2017), we restricted these to fear-inducing pictures (conveyed by either humans or animals) and excluded pictures that primarily induced disgust. Each emotional background image was shown twice throughout the experiment.…”

Section: Task Design and Behavioral Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of reward-related response tendencies in an equiprobable Go/NoGo task

Asci

Braem

Park

et al. 2019

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Previous research has shown that motivational signals bias action over inaction, which may be due to putative inherent valenceaction mappings, similar to those observed in the emotional domain. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we sought to investigate the neural underpinnings of such reward-related response tendencies, and in particular, how valence-action compatibility effects arising from predominant response tendencies are reflected at the neural level, and whether overlapping emotional valence amplifies these effects. To this end, we employed an equiprobable (50:50) Go/NoGo task in which reward (reward/no-reward) and response mode (Go/NoGo) were signaled by orthogonal features of number targets that were overlaid on emotional images (positive, neutral, negative). Reward-related targets led to response facilitation (faster Go responses) and impairment in withholding responses (more NoGo commission errors), consistent with a reward-induced action bias. This pattern was paralleled by modulations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), with increased activity in noreward as compared to reward-related Go trials, and the reversed pattern in NoGo trials. Albeit being processed in ventral visual areas, emotional background did not modulate performance in the present task, suggesting that irrelevant emotional information is globally outweighed by reward. In the current paradigm, which neither favors Go responses generally nor allows for differential preparation in Go versus NoGo trials, reward-related targets promote action over inaction. In turn, additional effort is needed to inhibit responses to these targets as well as to initiate responses to (less salient) no-reward targets, which may be considered as a downside of direct stimulus-reward associations.

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“…Pratto y John (1991) indicaron que la información negativa puede necesitar más recursos de procesamiento que la información positiva y, por lo tanto, reduciría los recursos disponibles para procesar otros estímulos simultáneamente. Esta prioridad influiría en el sistema de memoria, de modo que la información negativa se recordaría con mayor precisión que la información positiva (Alves, Koch, & Unkelbach, 2017), no evidenciándose el efecto de positividad. Kensinger, Garoff-Eaton y Schacter (2007) concluyeron que tanto los adultos mayores como los más jóvenes prestan más atención a los estímulos negativos que a los positivos, aunque las personas mayores lo hacen significativamente menos que las personas más jóvenes.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

¿Existe un Sesgo de Sobregeneralización y un Efecto de Positividad Relacionado con la Edad?

Meléndez¹,

Agustí²,

Satorres³

2020

REV IBEROAM DIAGN EV

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Diversos estudios confirman cambios en el recuerdo de la memoria autobiográfica con el envejecimiento. Es interesante describir la manera en que el envejecimiento afecta la valencia y especificidad del recuerdo autobiográfico. Ochenta y siete adultos jóvenes y 75 adultos mayores fueron evaluados utilizando el AMT. Se realizaron dos ANOVA mixtos con dos grupos y tres tipos de memorias (específica, general, vaga) y tres valencias (positiva, negativa, neutra). El primero mostró efectos principales significativos para grupo, tipo de memoria e interacción, el segundo mostró efectos principales para grupo, valencia e interacción. Los jóvenes mostraron un mayor número de recuerdos específicos, y los adultos mayores produjeron más generales y vagos; para la valencia, los jóvenes obtuvieron mayor número de respuestas negativas, en comparación con el efecto de positividad de los adultos mayores. Se obtuvo un efecto de sobregeneralización en los adultos mayores, así como un efecto de positividad en la memoria autobiográfica.

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Why Good Is More Alike Than Bad: Processing Implications

Cited by 141 publications

References 84 publications

When probabilities change: perceptions and implications of trends in uncertain climate forecasts

When probabilities change: perceptions and implications of trends in uncertain climate forecasts

Neural correlates of reward-related response tendencies in an equiprobable Go/NoGo task

¿Existe un Sesgo de Sobregeneralización y un Efecto de Positividad Relacionado con la Edad?

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