Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective‐longitudinal community study

Abstract

Objective: To examine the temporal relationships of anxiety and depressive disorders, their risk factors and to explore why people with anxiety develop depression. Method: Data from an original 4±5-year prospective-longitudinal community study (N=3021) of adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders identi®ed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview are used to examine risk factors, as well as course and outcome. Results: (i) Anxiety disorders, except for panic disorder, are almost always primary conditions. (ii) Over the follow-up period, rates of comorbid anxiety-depression increased substantially and resulted in increased impairment and disabilities. (iii) Predictors for ®rst onset of pure' depressive and`pure' anxiety disorders revealed recognizable differences. (iv) Baseline clinical characteristics of anxiety disorders were signi®cantly associated with an increased risk to develop major depression over the follow-up period. Conclusion: Findings suggest that most anxiety disorders are primary disorders that substantially increase the risk for secondary depression.

The role of the mother–child relationship for anxiety disorders and depression: results from a prospective-longitudinal study in adolescents and their mothers

“…This suggests low potency to be primarily associated with offspring anxiety and offspring comorbid anxiety and depression, possibly because low child potency hampers the development of mastery and control beliefs and thus promotes anxiety. Our result that low potency was associated with offspring depression in separate models only may be explained by the possibility that many individuals developed anxiety first and depression secondary to anxiety [11,[70][71][72][73]. Our findings with respect to potency match with previous evidence for conceptually related constructs (low child autonomy, low maternal autonomy granting, high maternal intrusiveness) to be primarily associated with offspring anxiety symptoms [35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

Risk factors and course patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders during pregnancy and after delivery: A prospective-longitudinal study

“…In line with studies that revealed anxiety disorders as important risk factors for secondary depression Sutter-Dallay et al, 2004;Wittchen et al, 2000) the present study also showed that women with pure A prior to pregnancy had a sevenfold risk for incident depressive disorders as compared to women with no AD (OR¼7.2, 95%CI: 1.5-34.0, p¼0.012). The OR for the association of pure D prior to pregnancy and incident anxiety disorders failed to reach significance.…”

Increased prevalence of anxiety symptoms in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Only one study specifically examined anxiety and depression scores in that population: Laggari et al (11) used the StateTrait Anxiety Inventory to screen subjects and, after controlling for age, socioeconomic status, and stressful life events, reported a slight increase in anxiety scores in PCOS girls (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.003-1.17). Given that anxiety is a chronic recurring disorder, it has been suggested that appropriate evaluation and treatment of anxiety symptoms at an early age may prevent the onset of secondary disorders (18). Some authors have suggested that adolescents with PCOS are at a higher risk for anxiety symptoms likely related to the clinical signs of hyperandrogenism.…”