Whole body potassium as a biomarker for potassium uptake using a mouse model

Abstract

Potassium is known for its effect on modifiable chronic diseases like hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes (type-2), and bone health. In this study, a new method, neutron generator based neutron activation analysis (NAA), was utilized to measure potassium (K) in mouse carcasses. A DD110 neutron generator based NAA assembly was used for irradiation.Thirty-two postmortem mice (n= 16 males and 16 females, average weight $$22.02\pm 1.3$$ 22.02 ± 1.3 and $$17.9\pm 1.1$$ 17.9 ± 1.1 g) were employed for this study. Soft-tissue equivalent mouse phantoms were prepared for the calibration. All mice were irradiated for 10 minutes, and the gamma spectrum with 42K was collected using a high efficiency, high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. A lead shielding assembly was designed and developed around the HPGe detector to obtain an improved detection limit. Each mouse sample was irradiated and measured twice to reduce uncertainty. The average potassium concentration was found to be significantly higher in males $$(2846 \pm 525 \upmu g/g)$$ ( 2846 ± 525 μ g / g ) compared to females $$(2116.2 \pm 432 \upmu g/g)$$ ( 2116.2 ± 432 μ g / g ) . We also observed a significant correlation between potassium concentration and the weight of the mice. The detection limit for potassium quantification with the NAA system was 46 ppm. The radiation dose to the mouse was approximately 56 $${ \pm 1.6 }$$ ± 1.6 mSv for 10-min irradiation. In conclusion, this method is suitable for estimating individual potassium concentration in small animals. The direct evaluation of total body potassium in small animals provides a new way to estimate potassium uptake in animal models. This method can be adapted later to quantify potassium in the human hand and small animals in vivo. When used in vivo, it is also expected to be a valuable tool for longitudinal assessment, kinetics, and health outcomes.

Atomistic insights into the mixed-alkali effect in phosphosilicate glasses

“…However, it is worth noting that the full or partial substitution of sodium or calcium can still be beneficial and desirable in tailoring the mechanical properties of these glasses, especially the hardness and elastic moduli to make them mechanically compatible with the implantation zone. In addition to tuning the mechanical properties of the glasses, the partial substitution can be used to prevent crystallization or control some of the body functions that will help in fast healing [50].…”

Oligonucleotic Probes and Immunosensors Based on Nanoporous Anodic Alumina for Screening of Diseases

“…[193] The work of Yu et al [106] presents a voltammetric sensor for the detection of ATP and potassium, also known for its effect on modifiable chronic diseases like hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes (type-2), and bone health. [194] Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia that affects more than 32 million people worldwide according to the World Health Organization. Alzheimer's disease affects parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language, being aging the best-known risk factor.…”

“…[ 106 ] presents a voltammetric sensor for the detection of ATP and potassium, also known for its effect on modifiable chronic diseases like hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes (type‐2), and bone health. [ 194 ]…”

Determine Sodium in Bone and Bio-Kinetics of Sodium in Pig Model by Using In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis

“…To create a calibration line, the bone equivalent phantoms were irradiated for 10 minutes, followed by 10 minutes of decay and 2-hr measurement. The total gamma ray peak (for characteristic gamma rays of 1368KeV and 2754KeV) from activated sodium (24Na) was measured using the two 100% HPGe detectors described above 17 . The detection limit of the system for sodium measurement was calculated as below in equation 1:…”

“…We fed two male pigs with high and low-sodium diets for two weeks. The in vivo sodium deposition in bone was measured before and after the sodium diet, the ex vivo bone sodium was quantified, and sodium biokinetics was studied using the deuterium-deuterium (DD) neutron generator based in vivo neutron activation analysis system developed in our lab 17 .…”