Who is becoming hallucinogen dependent soon after hallucinogen use starts?

Stone, Andrea; O’Brien, Megan; Torre, Alejandro de la; Anthony, James C.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.008

Cited by 24 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…However, the risk of development of HUD is significantly reduced if the first drug used is a hallucinogen. Rapid progression from use to HUD is more likely with MDMA, phencyclidine, or mescaline than with psilocybin (Stone et al 2007). …”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 97%

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Hallucinogens

Weaver¹

2016

Encyclopedia of Adolescence

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OverviewThere are many different types of hallucinogens, and the most popular are methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and ketamine, which are also classified as club drugs. These are used primarily by adolescents and young adults, and the prevalence of use is increasing. They produce perceptual distortions instead of true hallucinations, and they can also produce extreme anxiety, psychotic reactions, and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. Hallucinogens are used by a variety of routes of administration and are usually not the only drugs abused by an adolescent. Serious adverse physiological effects are rare, but may include hypertension and hyperthermia. Hallucinogens can have a profound effect on adolescent development, including long-term psychiatric consequences. Screening for hallucinogen use by asking about drug use can be done in many settings. Long-term hallucinogen addiction treatment consists of behavioral components.

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Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Hallucinogen use and progression to hallucinogen dependence are most likely between the ages of 16 and 24 years, resulting in a narrow "interval of risk" during adolescence and young adulthood for development of problems due to hallucinogen use (Stone et al 2007).…”

Section: Effects On Adolescent Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallucinogens

Weaver¹

2016

Encyclopedia of Adolescence

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“…There also was a standardized assessment of age of first extra-medical use of a stimulant compound. This information has allowed us to estimate the risk of becoming dependent on CNS stimulant compounds within a relatively brief interval of time after onset of such use, with resulting estimates for stimulant drugs that can be compared directly to our research group’s prior estimates for risk of becoming dependent soon after onset of cocaine use, hallucinogen use, and cannabis use (e.g., see Chen et al, 2005; O’Brien et al, 2005; Stone et al, 2007). In this report we focus upon extra-medical use of stimulants because the survey assessment did not include questions about legally prescribed stimulant use when the compounds are used exactly as prescribed; in Section 4 we discuss this feature of the survey data as a limitation that can and should be remedied in future research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After our initial work on cocaine dependence, Chen and colleagues (2005) applied the same approach when studying risk of cannabis dependence among recent-onset cannabis users; Stone et al (2007) have done so with respect to risk of hallucinogen dependence among new hallucinogen users. By holding the research approach constant, we make it possible to compare the risk estimates for each individual group of psychoactive drug compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extra-medical stimulant dependence among recent initiates

O’Brien

Anthony

2009

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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New estimates for the risk of becoming stimulant dependent within 24 months after first extra-medical (EM) use of a stimulant drug compound are presented, with a focus on subgroup variations in this risk (e.g., alcohol dependence, male–female differences). The study estimates are derived from a representative sample of United States residents ages 12 and older (n = 166,737) obtained from the 2003 to 2005 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. A total of 1700 respondents were found to have used stimulants extra-medically for the first time within 24 months prior to assessment. Approximately 5% of these recent-onset EM users had become stimulant dependent since onset of EM use. As hypothesized, alcohol dependence cases were found to have experienced an excess risk of becoming stimulant dependent soon after onset of stimulant drug use; there was no robust male–female difference in risk. Independently, initiates who had used multiple types of stimulants extra-medically, and methamphetamine users, were more likely to have become stimulant dependent soon after onset of use; by comparison, EM users of methylphenidate (Ritalin®) were less likely to have developed rapid-onset dependence. These epidemiologic findings help quantify a continuing public health burden associated with new onsets of extra-medical stimulant use in the 21st century.

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“…Segundo Saunders 5 , 6% dos estudantes ingleses já fizeram uso do êxtase, número que sobe para 13% entre os universitários. No Reino Unido, 13% dos universitários já foram encontrados usando êxtase 8 , mas segundo White et al 9 , tanto nessa região como nos Estados Unidos, o uso do êxtase está recentemente estabilizado, ao contrário de países europeus, como a França, onde o uso continua aumentando. Na Alemanha, por exemplo, o êxtase é uma das substâncias ilícitas de maior preferência entre os jovens, somente perdendo para a maconha, e na Austrália é a terceira substância ilícita mais utilizada 8 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Êxtase (MDMA): efeitos farmacológicos e tóxicos, mecanismo de ação e abordagem clínica

Xavier¹,

Lobo²,

Fonteles³

et al. 2008

Rev. psiquiatr. clín.

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Contexto: O 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA, êxtase) é um derivado da anfetamina, cujo consumo por jovens tem aumentado. Objetivos: Conduzir uma revisão de literatura sobre os aspectos farmacológicos e fisiopatológicos do MDMA, incluindo o mecanismo de ação que possa explicar os efeitos neurotóxicos e a toxicidade aguda e a longo prazo. Métodos: Revisão da literatura usando as palavras-chave: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, neurotoxicity, intoxication, drug abuse, por intermédio do MEDLINE e LILACS. A busca incluiu todos os artigos publicados no período entre 1985 e 2007. Resultados: Ainda existem muitas questões sem respostas sobre a farmacologia do êxtase e a fisiopatologia dos efeitos tóxicos dessa substância. A simples descrição do mecanismo de ação é insuficiente para explicar todos os efeitos induzidos pelo êxtase. O mecanismo exato responsável por mediar os efeitos tóxicos do MDMA sobre os neurônios da serotonina precisa ser elucidado. Conclusões: Existem poucas informações na literatura sobre a farmacologia e o mecanismo de ação do MDMA que possam explicar os efeitos neurotóxicos e outros efeitos fisiopatológicos. São necessários mais estudos para que o profissional de saúde possa obter informações e conhecimentos a fim de combater os efeitos terríveis do êxtase na população jovem vulnerável. Xavier, C.A.C. et al. / Rev. Psiq. Clín 35 (3); 96-103, 2008Palavras-chave: 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina, êxtase, neurotoxicidade, intoxicação, abuso de drogas. AbstractBackground: The consumption of the amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) by young people increased in the past years. Objectives: To conduct a literature review on the pharmacology of MDMA and particularly with respect to the putative mechanism of action implicated in the acute and long-term toxicity and neurotoxic effects. Methods: A literature review using the key words: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, neurotoxicity, intoxication, abuse drugs was performed in the databases MEDLINE and LILACS. The search covered all articles published between 1985 and 2007. Results: There were still many unanswered questions regarding the pharmacology of ecstasy and the pathophysiology of its toxic effects. The fundamental mechanism of action is insufficient to explain all effects induced by the drug. The exact mechanism responsible for mediating the toxic effects of MDMA on 5-HT neurons remain to be elucidated. Discussion: There is limited information in published literature about the underlying pharmacology and mechanism of action that could account for the neurotoxic and other phathophysiological effect of MDMA.

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Who is becoming hallucinogen dependent soon after hallucinogen use starts?

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens

Extra-medical stimulant dependence among recent initiates

Êxtase (MDMA): efeitos farmacológicos e tóxicos, mecanismo de ação e abordagem clínica

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