Who finances renewable energy in Europe? Examining temporality, authority and contestation in solar and wind subsidies in Poland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom

Iskandarova, Marfuga; Dembek, Agata; Fraaije, Maria; Matthews, William; Stasik, Agata; Wittmayer, Julia; Sovacool, Benjamin K.

doi:10.1016/j.esr.2021.100730

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This broad understanding of social innovation in energy acknowledges that such innovation goes beyond the classic examples of cooperative energy production and community energy [32,45], and also includes less often discussed examples like new financing mechanisms such as crowdfunding [46], campaigns for clean or against unsustainable energy pathways such as the divestment movement [47,48], or new ways of exchanging electricity locally [49][50][51]. 3 Furthermore, it acknowledges that social innovation also includes rediscovering old practices, and finding new ways to combine existing ideas, objects and/or actions [9,11,43,52,53].…”

Section: What Is Social Innovation In Energy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fit for social innovation? Policy reflections for EU energy and climate policy making

Rogge

Maria

Geus³

et al. 2023

Oxford Open Energy

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Achieving climate-neutrality by mid-century and its intermediary reduction targets for 2030, notably the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 55% by 2030, requires an accelerated transformation of our systems of production and consumption. In essence, such transformations are socio-technical change processes that require a combination of technological and social innovation. While it is widely acknowledged that ambitious climate and energy policies are needed to accelerate such transition processes, research and practise have largely focused on their importance for spurring technological innovation. In this research perspective, we argue that energy and climate policy making should pay more attention to social innovation as much needed additional puzzle piece for successful decarbonisation. Such social innovation is diverse, ranging from renewable energy cooperatives, to participatory incubation and experimentation, and crowdfunding as well as local electricity exchange. Based on a literature review that informed an EU policy dialogue bringing together policy makers, practitioners and researchers and followed up by a workshop with city administrations, twelve practical action points were co-created on how to better consider social innovation in energy and climate policy making in the EU (and beyond). We thereby hope to stimulate a broader discourse on the dual need for social and technological innovation for reaching climate-neutrality.

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Section: What Is Social Innovation In Energy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fit for social innovation? Policy reflections for EU energy and climate policy making

Rogge

Maria

Geus³

et al. 2023

Oxford Open Energy

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“…The contracts include medium-to long-term and short-term bilateral contracts, which come about through bilateral negotiations, as well as short-term trading contracts, which come about through central tenders on the power exchanges [7]. Since 2013, the UK has gradually replaced the renewable obligation policy 1 with Contracts for Difference (CfD) 2 to encourage the development of renewable energy technologies [8]. Today, CfDs are widely used in many mature electricity markets and have become the most effective tool for market participants to reduce the risk of price volatility (see Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation planning for power companies with hybrid production technologies under multiple renewable energy policies

Pan¹,

Liu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2023

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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“…-direct grants and other financial instruments supported by the EU/governments, including: European funds, i.e., under the Operational Program "Infrastructure and Environment"; Iceland's, Lichtenstein's, and Norway's financial support (subsidies and loans); Green Investment Scheme (connected to the EU Emissions Trading System); Green Certificates (certificates of origin); auction mechanism (replaced the Green Certificate); net-metering (replaced the feed-in tariff (FiT) before it came into force); My Electricity Program (subsidy program funded through the Green Investment Scheme); and tax relief scheme, -market-based mechanisms: private funds and investments (e.g., "collective prosumers", "virtual prosumers"); preferential bank loans; crowdfunding; green bonds, etc. [13]. To show the evolution of renewable energy subsidies and financing in Poland, Figure 1 is shown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After Poland joined the EU in 2004, the issues of environmental and climate protection slowly grew in importance; in 2005-2015, public subsidies for energy efficiency appeared from the EU, and there were talks of an act on renewable energy sources. The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management was responsible for the management and distribution of public funds for renewable energy projects and those related to energy efficiency (responsible, i.e., for the organization of the Green Investment Scheme (GIS), a derivative of the Emissions Trading System (ETS)) [13]. The RES Act was finally adopted in 2015, introducing several new financing mechanisms: the Green Certificates system was replaced by the RES auction system [14], and the act also enabled prosumerism [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the renewable energy policy opened new opportunities for prosumers, government regulations on wind farms practically froze the industries. In 2019, the Program of the Ministry of Energy and Environment "My Electricity" was launched, which co-financed photovoltaic installations (2-10 kW) for households with a subsidy of up to PLN 5000 (~EUR 1200) [13,17,18]. Another important mechanism for financing renewable energy is quite traditional mechanisms, e.g., bank loans and some market-based ones, such as EPC (Energy Performance Contract), ESCO (Energy Service Companies), and innovative instruments, e.g., green bonds [19] and local investment cooperatives [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Support Programs for the Development of Photovoltaics in Poland: My Electricity Program and the RES Auction System

et al. 2021

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Poland has great potential for the development of renewable energy sources. The implementation of support systems dedicated to renewable sources has resulted in the installation of over 10,500 MW of installed capacity. At present, with high electricity prices, stimulated by the costs of CO2 emissions and the costs of fuel purchase, renewable energy sources are of particular importance in the transformation of the Polish power industry. The RES auction system and the My Electricity Program contributed to the growth of entrepreneurship and the development of the economy. Energy consumers, from passive ones, have become active market participants—prosumers. The RES auction system alone contributed to the creation of approx. 5 GWp of installed capacity of photovoltaics (PV) sources in 2016–2021, while the My Electricity Program contributed to the creation of approx. 2 GWp of installed capacity in PV installations in 2019–2021. The aim of the study is to compare the economic and social costs of two photovoltaic development programs, My Electricity and the RES auction system, from the point of view of the country (in support distribution costs—subsidies) and investors, renewable energy installations operators and prosumers to which these programs are targeted, namely, individuals and enterprises.

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Who finances renewable energy in Europe? Examining temporality, authority and contestation in solar and wind subsidies in Poland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom

Cited by 26 publications

References 39 publications

Fit for social innovation? Policy reflections for EU energy and climate policy making

Fit for social innovation? Policy reflections for EU energy and climate policy making

Generation planning for power companies with hybrid production technologies under multiple renewable energy policies

Comparison of Support Programs for the Development of Photovoltaics in Poland: My Electricity Program and the RES Auction System

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