Comparison of Support Programs for the Development of Photovoltaics in Poland: My Electricity Program and the RES Auction System

Abstract

Poland has great potential for the development of renewable energy sources. The implementation of support systems dedicated to renewable sources has resulted in the installation of over 10,500 MW of installed capacity. At present, with high electricity prices, stimulated by the costs of CO2 emissions and the costs of fuel purchase, renewable energy sources are of particular importance in the transformation of the Polish power industry. The RES auction system and the My Electricity Program contributed to the growth of entrepreneurship and the development of the economy. Energy consumers, from passive ones, have become active market participants—prosumers. The RES auction system alone contributed to the creation of approx. 5 GWp of installed capacity of photovoltaics (PV) sources in 2016–2021, while the My Electricity Program contributed to the creation of approx. 2 GWp of installed capacity in PV installations in 2019–2021. The aim of the study is to compare the economic and social costs of two photovoltaic development programs, My Electricity and the RES auction system, from the point of view of the country (in support distribution costs—subsidies) and investors, renewable energy installations operators and prosumers to which these programs are targeted, namely, individuals and enterprises.

Smart City 4.0: Sustainable Urban Development in the Metropolis GZM

“…Development of professional qualified staff thinking in a modern way, willing to learn, which allows using the maximum substantive knowledge of employees, while providing them with the available working tools and flexibility; in broader terms, the municipality uses its both human and economic resources and capabilities in full [78,79]; 6. A municipality that is not only smart but has also introduced and implemented procedures in the scope of smart activities and willingly uses smart solutions in selected areas of functioning, e.g., communication and mobility and renewables [80]; 7. Introduction of smart solutions understood as innovative solutions or the best solutions in conjunction with information exchange in order to search for these solutions; 8.…”

“…A municipality that is not only smart but has also introduced and implemented procedures in the scope of smart activities and willingly uses smart solutions in selected areas of functioning, e.g., communication and mobility and renewables [80]; 7.…”

Increasing Energy Self-Consumption in Residential Photovoltaic Systems

“…The development of the PV installations market is particularly visible in Poland, which was ranked 10th in the world in terms of investment in new PV generation capacity implemented in 2021 [2]. It is expected that there will be further growth of PV capacity in Poland, achieving about 7.3 GW in 2030 and 16 GW in 2040 [7].…”

Ground-Mounted Photovoltaic and Crop Cultivation: A Comparative Analysis

“…The development of the solar power generation is constrained by the following factors: the high investment costs, the high costs of the electricity storage, the strong dependence on climate and geographical conditions, the legislation, and the technical features [38,39]. There are various support mechanisms to increase the capacity of solar power [40]. They seriously affect the attractiveness of investment projects [41].…”