White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infectivity for Artemia at different developmental stages

Abstract

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major pathogen of cultivated shrimp, but its host range includes a large number of crustaceans. In this investigation, Artemia franciscana was tested for susceptibility to WSSV by the oral route. Both instars and adults were challenged, and the presence of WSSV was followed through to reproductive cysts and offspring using PCR. WSSV caused a much lower cumulative mortality in Artemia than in cultivated shrimp by 10 d post-challenge. Instars, adults and reproductive cysts were PCR positive. However, the virus was undetectable by PCR in nauplii that had hatched from PCR-positive reproductive cysts. The data indicate that WSSV or WSSV genomic DNA can be vertically transmitted from WSSV-PCR-positive instars to reproductive cysts, but this DNA is removed during hatching.

Assessment of the role of brine shrimp Artemia in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) transmission

“…In epizootiological surveys and experimental infection, WSSV-positive was detected on Artemia cysts and adults (Huang et al,1995b;Song et al, 2001;Sahul Hameed et al, 2002;Chang et al 2002;Li et al 2004;Deng et al, 2005). The present experiment gave similar results, which indicated that Artemia could be infected by WSSV and became carrier of the virus.…”

“…In the oral route of infection, Artemia were fed with the mixture of rice bran and WSSV. However, Li et al (2004) fed Artemia with viral feeding mixture (VFM) in which WSSV were mixed with powdered algae. Then, Li et al (2004) found that Artemia and their reproductive cysts become WSSV positive by one step PCR.…”

“…In recent years, however, more and more researches found that Artemia could be vector or host of some pathogens (Nicolas et al, 1989;Mortensen et al, 1993;Skliris et al, 1998;Bergh et al, 2001). Since WSSV-positive Artemia was detected in epizootiological surveys, Artemia is also under suspicious of acting as a reservoir or carrier of WSSV (Huang et al, 1995b;Song et al, 2001;Chang et al, 2002;Li et al, 2004;Deng et al, 2005). However, there is contradiction between different researches.…”

“…Sahul Hameed et al (2002) used immersion and oral route to test the pathogenicity of WSSV to Artemia five different development stages (nauplii, metanauplii, juveniles, sub-adults and adults) and one step PCR results showed the WSSV failed to infect them. Li et al (2004) found that Artemia and their reproductive cysts become WSSV positive by one step PCR. However, the virus was undetectable by PCR in nauplii that had hatched from PCR-positive reproductive cysts.…”

Genetic diversity of the Caribbean spiny lobster virus, Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1), and the ­discovery of PaV1 in lobster postlarvae

“…Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV; the causative agent of white tail disease) and extra small virus (XSV) can be vertically transmitted (Sudha ka -ran et al 2007). Rotifers naturally exposed to sediments with WSSV passed the virus to their eggs (Yan et al 2004), and the virus appears to use vertical transmission in brine shrimp as well (Li et al 2003). Infectious hypodermal and hemato poietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) of shrimp uses vertical transmission in hosts that survive the acute stages of infection (Motte et al 2003).…”