White spot lesions: Prevention and treatment

Guzmán-Armstrong, Sandra; Chalmers, Jane; Warren, John J.

doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.07.007

Cited by 85 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…11,14 For patients with moderate to high risk of caries, fluoride regimen should be used at office every six months. 10 Since the intervention of ruby crystal laser by Maiman in 1960, different lasers have been assessed in dentistry fields. 15 Different types of lasers such as Er: YAG, Nd: YAG and CO 2 with various adjusting parameters have been administrated for caries prevention.…”

Section: Effect Of Co2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application On Micrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presence of the following factors increases the probability of white spot lesions occurrence: inappropriate oral hygiene, caries history or high decay missing filled surfaces (DMFS), and lack of preventive methods, such as fluoride or antibacterial compositions. 10 Fluoride plays an important role in preventing demineralization during orthodontic treatment. Fluoride effects with different mechanisms: It joins the crystalline structure of hydroxy apatite and creates fluoride hydroxy apatite that is less soluble and more resistant to acidic attack, it increases the remineralization process and has antibacterial effects.…”

Section: Effect Of Co2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application On Micrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of CO2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application on Microhardness of Enamel Surface Around Orthodontic Brackets

et al. 2017

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IntroductionOrthodontic treatment has many advantages such as esthetic improvement, function and self-estimation enhancement. 1Orthodontic appliances make oral hygiene more difficult and increase plaque accumulation. After installing fix orthodontic appliances in the mouth, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species increase. These bacteria release organic acid that causes dissolution of ions of calcium and phosphate from the enamel surface, which can lead to white spot lesions and this process can occur in 4 weeks.2 White spot lesions are defined as enamel decalcification due to subsurface mineral loss; while 10 to 30 µm of enamel surface remains intact. 3,4 The opaque appearance of the lesion is due to variations in light scattering of decalcified porous enamel. Years after orthodontic treatment, white spot lesions may develop into esthetic problems, because demineralized enamel may absorb colors from drinks and foods. 5,6 When the lesion progresses, remineralization gets tough and sometimes impossible 5,7 ; hence, it is important to prevent the formation of these lesions. Øgaard reported that 5 years after treatment, white spot lesions were more Orthodontic treatment has many advantages such as esthetic improvement and self-esteem enhancement; yet it has some disadvantages such as increasing the risk of formation of white spot lesions, because it makes oral hygiene more difficult. It is rational to implement procedures to prevent these lesions. The present study was aimed to assess the effect of CO 2 laser and fluoride varnish on the surface of the enamel surface microhardness around the orthodontic braces. Methods: Eighty extracted premolar teeth were selected, scaled, polished with nonfluoridated pumic and metal brackets were bonded to them. Then, they were randomly allocated to 5 groups: control (neither fluoride nor laser is used on enamel surfaces), fluoride (4 minutes fluoride varnish treatment of the enamel surfaces), CO 2 laser (10.6 µm CO 2 laser irradiation of the teeth), laserfluoride (fluoride application after laser irradiation) and fluoride-laser (fluoride was applied and then teeth were irradiated with laser). After surface treatment around brackets on enamel, the samples were stored in 0.1% thymol for less than 5 days and then they were exposed to a 10-day microbiological caries model. Microhardness values of enamel were evaluated with Vickers test. One sample of each group (5 teeth from 80 samples) was prepared for SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and the data from 75 remaining teeth were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests (α = 0.05). Results:Microhardness mean values from high to low were as follow: fluoride-laser, laser-fluoride, laser, fluoride and control. Microhardness in fluoride-laser group was significantly higher compared with that of the control group. Distribution adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were significantly different between groups and most of bond failures occurred at the enamel-adhesive interface in groups 2 to 5 and at the adhesive-b...

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Section: Effect Of Co2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application On Micrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Co2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application On Micrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of CO2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application on Microhardness of Enamel Surface Around Orthodontic Brackets

et al. 2017

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“…However, enamel demineralization is a major complication of these treatments and is regarded as one of the risk factors of fixed orthodontic appliances 1) . This demineralization is caused by prolonged plaque accumulation and acid from biofilms, leading to lower pH around the brackets, and eventually to the formation of white spot lesions (WSLs) 2,3) . While orthodontic materials and therapy methods have been greatly improved, the incidence of WSLs is still reported to be as high as 50% 4) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While orthodontic materials and therapy methods have been greatly improved, the incidence of WSLs is still reported to be as high as 50% 4) . Many researchers proposed various methods to prevent WSLs, including oral hygiene, improved dietary habits and the application of topical fluoride 1,2,5) . However, these methods are not reliable due to poor patient compliance especially for young patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel self-etch adhesive with antibacterial and protein-repellent functions to prevent enamel demineralization

et al. 2018

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Enamel demineralization is the most undesired side-effect of fixed orthodontic treatments. This study were to develop a novel adhesive that is self-etching instead of using the traditional etching method, and to form a sealant on the enamel to prevent demineralization. 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and quaternary ammonium dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) were mixed into a self-etch adhesive (Adper Easy One, 3M, St. Paul, MN, USA; referred to as AEO). Enamel shear bond strength (SBS) was measured. Protein adsorption onto the resins was measured. An oral microcosm biofilm model with saliva was tested. Incorporation of 7.5% MPC and 5% DMAHDM into AEO did not reduce the SBS (p>0.1). AEO with 7.5% MPC+5% DMAHDM had protein adsorption that was only 1/18 that of AEO control. AEO with 7.5% MPC+5% DAMHDM had much stronger antibacterial properties (p<0.05). In conclusion, the new self-etch adhesive with MPC and DAMHDM greatly reduced protein adsorption and inhibited biofilm viability.

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“…2 At this stage, caries is reversible and the process of demineralization can be stopped and replaced by remineralization. 3 For this purpose, fluoride-containing products are used as the standard method of caries prevention. Laser has also been evaluated for this purpose in some previous studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Comparison Of Fluoride Gel Alone and in Combination With Er,Cr:YSGG Laser on Reducing White Spot Lesions in Primary Teeth

Molaasadollah

Asnaashari

Abbas³

et al. 2017

J Lasers Med Sci

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Introduction: Laser therapy has been suggested as a method for caries-prevention, and ErCr:YSGG laser is increasingly used in dentistry. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of fluoride gel alone and in conjunction with Er,Cr:YSGG laser for remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) in primary teeth. Methods: This study was conducted on 20 primary teeth with WSLs extracted for orthodontic reasons. Three sections were made of each tooth at the site of WSLs. The surface area of WSLs was measured under a stereomicroscope at ×25 magnification. Samples were assigned to 3 groups of control (group 1), exposure to 1.23% APF gel for 4 minutes (group 2) and Er,Cr:YSGG laser (0.5 W power, 20 Hz frequency, 60% water, 40% air, pulse duration of 5±1 seconds) plus fluoride (group 3). All samples were stored in artificial saliva for 10 days and then the surface area of the WSLs was measured again under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, MannWhitney and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results:The reduction in surface area of the WSLs was significantly different between the control and fluoride (P < 0.001) and also the control and laser plus fluoride groups (P < 0.001); the difference between fluoride and laser plus fluoride groups was not significant (P = 0.265).Comparison of the surface area of WSLs before and after the intervention showed no significant difference in group one (P = 0.737) while this difference in groups 2 (P < 0.001) and 3 (P < 0.001) was statistically significant. Conclusion:The results showed that Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation plus 1.23% APF gel was not significantly different from the application of fluoride gel alone in enhancing the remineralization of WSLs.

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White spot lesions: Prevention and treatment

Cited by 85 publications

References 25 publications

Effect of CO2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application on Microhardness of Enamel Surface Around Orthodontic Brackets

Effect of CO2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application on Microhardness of Enamel Surface Around Orthodontic Brackets

Novel self-etch adhesive with antibacterial and protein-repellent functions to prevent enamel demineralization

In Vitro Comparison Of Fluoride Gel Alone and in Combination With Er,Cr:YSGG Laser on Reducing White Spot Lesions in Primary Teeth

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