“…In marine mammals they were associated with the homeostasis of essential metals and defenses of Cd effects, in both pinnipeds (Ikemoto et al, 2004a;Pillet et al, 2002;Sonne et al, 2009;Teigen et al, 1999) and cetaceans (Das et al, 2002(Das et al, , 2004(Das et al, , 2006Falconer et al, 1983;Ikemoto et al, 2004b). Therefore, metallothioneins are considered as valid biomarkers in medicine (Carpene et al, 2007) and environmental studies (Blackmore and Wang, 2004;Teigen et al, 1999;Sheehan et al, 1995;Sonne et al, 2009).…”