White Awareness: The Frontier of Racism Awareness Training

Katz, Judy H.; Ivey, Allen E.

doi:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1977.tb04332.x

Cited by 75 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The shape of this distribution is fairly normal and it appears that there is an extreme outlier with an effect size estimate of 2.17. The one extreme outlier is the only study conducted before 1990 (i.e., Katz and Ivey 1977).Note that the standard error for the effect size estimate from the Katz and Ivey study (i.e., 0.52; see Table 2) is over three times larger than any of the other standard errors in our dataset, resulting in an extremely wide confidence interval. This suggests that the estimate is quite imprecise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…One of the main purposes of the descriptive results was to examine the distribution of effect sizes by presenting visual displays, measures of central tendency, and measures of variability. From these various plots, there was one obvious outlier which was the only study in the meta-analysis that was published prior to 1990 (i.e., Katz and Ivey 1977). While this study had one of the smallest samples (n = 24), it had the largest effect size (d = 2.17) which was more than twice as large in magnitude as the next largest effect size.…”

Section: Inclusion Versus Exclusion Of Outliersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Visual Displays and Summary Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meta-Analysis in Higher Education: An Illustrative Example Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Denson

Seltzer

2010

Res High Educ

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The purpose of this article is to provide higher education researchers with an illustrative example of meta-analysis utilizing hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). This article demonstrates the step-by-step process of meta-analysis using a recently-published study examining the effects of curricular and co-curricular diversity activities on racial bias in college students as an example (Denson, Rev Educ Res 79:805-838, 2009). The authors present an overview of the meta-analytic approach and describe a meta-analysis from beginning to end. The example includes: problem specification; research questions; study retrieval and selection; coding procedure; calculating effect sizes; visual displays and summary statistics; conducting HLM analyses; and sensitivity analyses. The authors also offer guidelines and recommendations for improving the conduct and reporting of research which in turn can provide the information necessary for future and more comprehensive meta-analytic reviews.Keywords Meta-analysis Á Effect size Á Random-effects model Á Hierarchical linear modeling Á Moderator analysis While meta-analytic techniques have been available for over a century (see Cooper and Hedges (1994) for a history of meta-analysis), meta-analysis as a method of inquiry for integrating quantitative results from a stream of research began to become popular approximately 30 years ago (Glass 2000). While conducting a meta-analysis can be very time consuming when done properly, advances in computing and statistical software have facilitated conducting literature searches and applying meta-analytic procedures. The purpose of this article is to provide higher education researchers with a pedagogical example of a meta-analysis utilizing hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) 123Res High Educ (2011( ) 52:215-244 DOI 10.1007 more widespread use of meta-analytic methods. In this article, we begin by first providing an overview of the meta-analytic approach. We then provide an example of meta-analysis using Denson's Review of Educational Research (2009) study of the effects of curricular and co-curricular diversity activities on racial bias in college students. Finally, we provide guidelines and recommendations for improving the conduct and reporting of future research. Overview of the Meta-Analytic ApproachPut simply, meta-analysis is a statistical technique of combining the findings of a set of studies that address common research hypotheses (Cooper and Hedges 1994;Lipsey and Wilson 2001). As Glass (1976) defines it, ''meta-analysis refers to the analysis of analyses…the statistical analysis of a large collection of analyses results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings'' (p. 3). Conducting a meta-analysis is much like conducting a primary research study. In a meta-analysis, instead of students or participants being the unit of analysis, the primary studies themselves become the unit of analysis. In meta-analysis, the researcher collects research studies from a particular domain (e.g., studies of the ef...

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confidence: 83%

Section: Inclusion Versus Exclusion Of Outliersmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Meta-Analysis in Higher Education: An Illustrative Example Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Denson

Seltzer

2010

Res High Educ

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“…They dser on the need for anti-racist political action and wider social change with the social justice advocates citing this as the most important aspect of avoiding cynicisrn, despair and the possible recreation of new forms of racist practice (Dominelli, 1988;Thomas, 1987, 199 1). Both literatures discuss in some detail the kinds of problems that can arise when diversity or anti-racist organizational change and training go wrong (Karp and Suaon, Katz 1978, Sudeman, 1992). These problems include: chmghg hiring practices only at the admlliistrative and support stafflevel, providing ody short-term training, alienating those in power, endless shidying of the problems without any action, no bottomline comection, conflict avoidance leads to slowing stoppage or inadequate programme, undetminin8 the credibility of the change agents, the myth of the happy ending, and, finally, depending on the Executive Director to change everything (Katz, 1978; Karp and Sutton, 1993; Sudeman, 1992; Thomas, 1987Thomas, , 1991.…”

Section: Mcleod 1989: 102)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Everyday Practices of Race, Class and Gender

Baines

2001

Journal of Progressive Human Services

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“…32 Additionally, prescriptions for eliminating racism advanced by Judy Katz in White Awareness are as valid today as they were in 1978 when the work was first published. 33 Ten years later, the continuing need to address racism was again underlined in Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy. 34 Internal programs can significantly influence creation of a pluralistic environment in the library and can serve to augment outreach to minorities in the a.cademic community.…”

Section: Commitment Progress Patiencementioning

confidence: 99%