When the Referee Sees Red …

Hagemann, Norbert; Strauß, Bernd; Leissing, Jan

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02155.x

Cited by 110 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Hill and Barton (2005) point out, for instance, that the combat advantage associated with wearing red could arise either through an intimidation-like effect on opponents or by boosting confidence in redwearers (for alternatives, see Hagemann, Strauss, and Leißing, 2008;Rowe, Harris, and Roberts, 2005). Indeed, both mechanisms could play a part, as evidenced by a study on the effects on aggressive behavior of black and non-black uniforms of professional football and hockey teams (Frank and Gilovich, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing between Perceiver and Wearer Effects in Clothing Color-Associated Attributions

2010

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Recent studies have noted positive effects of red clothing on success in competitive sports, perhaps arising from an evolutionary predisposition to associate the color red with dominance status. Red may also enhance judgments of women's attractiveness by men, perhaps through a similar association with fertility. Here we extend these studies by investigating attractiveness judgments of both sexes and by contrasting attributions based on six different colors. Furthermore, by photographing targets repeatedly in different colors, we could investigate whether color effects are due to influences on raters or clothing wearers, by either withholding from raters information about clothing color or holding it constant via digital manipulation, while retaining color-associated variation in wearer's expression and posture. When color cues were available, we found color-attractiveness associations when males were judged by either sex, or when males judged females, but not when females judged female images. Both red and black were associated with higher attractiveness judgments and had approximately equivalent effects. Importantly, we also detected significant clothing color-attractiveness associations even when clothing color was obscured from raters and when color was held constant by digital manipulation. These results suggest that clothing color has a psychological influence on wearers at least as much as on raters, and that this ultimately influences attractiveness judgments by others. Our results lend support for the idea that evolutionarily-derived color associations can bias interpersonal judgments, although these are limited neither to effects on raters nor to the color red.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing between Perceiver and Wearer Effects in Clothing Color-Associated Attributions

2010

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“…For example, the existing referee literature has primarily focused on the assumed innate coping mechanisms of elite level referees in order to determine which traits provide them with the fortitude to continue in the role (e.g., Balch & Scott, 2007;Philippe, Vallerand, Andrianarisoa, & Brunel, 2009), and to overcome stressors associated with the role (Dorsch & Paskevich, 2007;Gencay, 2009). Research has also focused on what innate motivations referees have to continue in the role (Alonso-Arbiol, Arratibel, & Gamez, 2008), while research in the sport science field has used perceptual mapping to identify potential innate bias (Hagemann, Strauss, & Leißing, 2008), personality characteristics (Balch & Scott, 2007), and stress (Dorsch & Paskevich, 2007;Gencay, 2009).…”

Section: Refereesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Officiating Attrition: The Experiences of Former Referees Via a Sport Development Lens

Warner

Tingle

Kellett

2013

Journal of Sport Management

109

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Referees are key sport personnel who have important responsibilities both on-and off-the field.Organized competition would not survive without referees, yet little is known about what cause referees to discontinue in the role. This research examines the experiences of former referees so that managers may better understand strategies that might encourage more referees to be retained. Fifteen previous basketball referees were interviewed about their refereeing experience. Ten themes emerged that were related to the sport development stages of referee recruitment, referee retention, and referee advancement. The results indicate that issues experienced during the retention phase (Problematic Social Interaction, Training/Mentoring, and Lack of Referee Community) and then at the advancing stage (Lack of Administrator Consideration, Administrator Decision Making, and Sport Policies) are linked to eventual departure from the role. Interestingly, off-court factors were reported as more influential in the decision to leave. Managerial strategies and implications are discussed.

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“…Boxing competitions at Olympic Games have been affected by highly controversial results over more than a century [22] even the colours of athlete uniforms [31]. Against this background, a demonstrable possibility of technology-enabled, completely objective scoring has obvious allure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on Long-Term Development and Use of Automated Scoring Technology in a Sport (Modified Boxing) Context

Perkins¹,

Helmer²,

Mackintosh³

et al. 2017

WJET

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Technology is being increasingly used to aid judging in sport, but its employment as the primary means of scoring is rare. We have developed and implemented a fully automated scoring system in the context of a modified, lowrisk form of boxing. The system, which requires contestants to wear vests and gloves incorporating sensor fabrics, has been used in multiple settings over the past five years. During that period, it has undergone progressive iteration guided by action research methodology. Here, we summarise that iteration, reflect on present status and identify possible future directions. We have found that concept of automated scoring has wide appeal, and the wearable technology is almost universally considered comfortable. Nevertheless, some issues remain to be addressed. Use of the technology requires considerable prior and subsequent commitment of time. Apparently valid contacts occasionally fail to score. Causative factors include the configuration of electrical circuitry in the vests and deterioration of that circuitry with repeated vest use and washing. Also, false positive scores are sometimes generated by vest self-shorting and effects of sweat. Many contestants adopt unorthodox styles aimed at exploiting the characteristics of the automated scoring methodology, affecting the aesthetics of the modified sport. There is an expectation that technologically-based scoring should have much greater accuracy than human judging, and should be essentially fail-proof. Disillusionment can occur in situations where this expectation is not met. We have identified potential solutions to all the existing issues, with some now being actively explored.How to cite this paper: Perkins, P., Helmer, R

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When the Referee Sees Red …

Cited by 110 publications

References 10 publications

Distinguishing between Perceiver and Wearer Effects in Clothing Color-Associated Attributions

Distinguishing between Perceiver and Wearer Effects in Clothing Color-Associated Attributions

Officiating Attrition: The Experiences of Former Referees Via a Sport Development Lens

Reflections on Long-Term Development and Use of Automated Scoring Technology in a Sport (Modified Boxing) Context

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