When Gender Matters: Macro-dynamics and Micro-mechanisms

Fulton, Sarah A.

doi:10.1007/s11109-013-9245-1

Cited by 79 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Those who say the genders are equal on the economy are somewhat but not significantly more likely to say they voted for a woman than those with pro-male stereotypes. In addition, women are more likely than men to support women candidates, confirming findings from Europe and the Americas (Fulton 2014;Goodyear-Grant and Croskill 2011;Holli and Wass 2010;Morgan 2015;Paolino 1995;Seltzer, Newman, and Leighton 1997;Simon and Hoyt 2008). Do results vary from one country to another?…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

“…First we examine gender. Those in positions of relative power are more likely to stereotype the less powerful; women may tend to report both neutral and pro-female stereotypes due to gender affinity (Bauer 2015a;Dépret and Fiske 1993;Fiske 1993;Fulton 2014). Education may reduce both positive and negative stereotypes, as stereotyping can be considered a heuristic employed more frequently by those with limited cognitive and attentional resources (Bauer 2015a;Sherman, Macrae, and Bodenhausen 2000).…”

Section: Gender Stereotypes Of Leaders In the Americas: Causes And Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others instead hold that the effect is indirect, as politicians' gender shapes communication and information-gathering strategies (Bauer 2015a(Bauer , 2015bDitonto, Hamilton, and Redlawsk 2014;Fridkin and Kenney 2014). Women politicians in the US may now be evaluated primarily based on their political roles and leadership stereotypes on "masculine" issues, rather than based on feminine stereotypes (Bauer 2015a;Brooks 2013;Dolan 2010;Fulton 2012Fulton , 2014Schneider 2014;Schneider and Bos 2014).…”

Section: The Consequences Of Gendered Leadership Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Smith

Warming

Hennings

2016

Politics, Groups, and Identities

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What are the sources and effects of gendered leadership stereotypes for women's representation? We explore the role of stereotypes in shaping public attitudes toward women's representation using AmericasBarometer survey data from 25 countries. We report three key results. First, the modal respondent in almost every country rejects gendered leadership stereotypes, affirming that women and men leaders are equally qualified on corruption and the economy. This holds even after we attempt to account for social desirability bias. Second, there are significant individual-and country-level determinants of stereotyping. In countries with higher women's representation and labor force participation but without gender quotas, citizens are more likely to choose pro-female and neutral responses over pro-male stereotypes. At the individual level, those rejecting stereotypes are less authoritarian, more supportive of labor market equality, and more leftist than those reporting pro-female stereotypes. Third, the consequences for representation vary by partisanship and country context. Pro-female leadership stereotypes boost support for women presidential candidates and for legislative gender quotas, but they matter less among copartisans of women candidates, and they matter more when women candidates are viable but gendered outsiders. Those rejecting leadership stereotypes altogether are less supportive of quotas. ARTICLE HISTORYWhat are the nature and consequences of gendered leadership stereotypes in developing democracies? We address this question in the case of the Americas, where the number of women elected to presidential office has risen dramatically in the past decade, yet women remain substantially underrepresented at all levels. Growing bodies of work examine the institutional causes and policy consequences of women's representation in Latin America; at the mass level, scholars examine public opinion toward women leaders in the abstract, and how candidate gender affects vote choice. Yet, the connection from mass attitudes such as stereotypes to women's representation in the region has yet to be addressed.Scholars of the US show that gendered leadership stereotypes remain prevalent but are declining, and in recent elections only indirectly affect vote choice; some suggest they do not matter at all (Bauer 2015a, 2015b; Brooks 2013; Ditonto, Hamilton, and Redlawsk 2014; Dolan 2014; Dolan and Lynch 2015). We analyze 2012 public opinion data to understand citizens' stereotypes of the political capabilities of men and women politicians. We make two advances over prior work. First, we examine the extent to which developing democracies exhibit similar gendered leadership stereotypes as in the US. There are reasons to expect differences. For instance, the Americas contain a great range in levels of development, and development is associated feminist attitudes more generally (e.g., Banaszak and Plutzer 1993;Inglehart and Norris 2003;Morgan and Buice 2013;Paxton and Hughes 2007). Second, we distinguish theoretically and empiricall...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Gender Stereotypes Of Leaders In the Americas: Causes And Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Consequences Of Gendered Leadership Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Smith

Warming

Hennings

2016

Politics, Groups, and Identities

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“…Fulton 2014). Other studies have found that candidate gender voting is shaped by partisan affiliation, and that people are less likely to vote for Republican women candidates than Democrats (King and Matland 2003;Lawless and Person 2008).…”

Section: Candidate Sex and Voting Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eric Smith and Richard Fox used pooled US data from 1988 to 1992 and found that well-educated women were more inclined to support women candidates in House but not Senate races (Smith and Fox 2001), and others have found that women are more likely to vote for women candidates only when they are perceived as being pro-feminist (Plutzer and Zipp 1996). By contrast Fulton (2014) found that women are not more likely to vote for women candidates in the US, but that male These findings suggest that the link -if any -between candidate sex and voting behaviour is not straightforward, and is also highly context specific. It is not clear from previous research why candidate sex should matter in some elections but not others, and why women may differ in their support for women candidates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Women Vote for Women Candidates? Attitudes toward Descriptive Representation and Voting Behavior in the 2010 British Election

Campbell

Heath

2017

Pol & Gen

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A growing body of work on candidate traits shows that people with a given social characteristic tend to prefer candidates or leaders who share that characteristic (Campbell and Cowley 2014; Cutler 2002). However, the existing evidence for whether women vote for women is mixed. For example, Kathleen Dolan found that candidate sex was a driver of voting behavior for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1992, but not in 1994 or 1996 (Dolan 1998, 2001, 2004). Eric Smith and Richard Fox used pooled U.S. data from 1988 to 1992 and found that well-educated women were more inclined to support women candidates in House but not Senate races (Smith and Fox 2001), and others have found that women are more likely to vote for women candidates only when they are perceived as being pro-feminist (Plutzer and Zipp 1996). By contrast Fulton (2014) found that women are not more likely to vote for women candidates in the United States, but that male Independents are somewhat less likely to vote for them. Others have found little evidence whatsoever of an association between candidate gender and vote choice (McElroy and Marsh 2010).

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Electing Women to National Legislatures

O’Brien

Piscopo

2017

Measuring Women’s Political Empowerment Across the Globe

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When Gender Matters: Macro-dynamics and Micro-mechanisms

Cited by 79 publications

References 56 publications

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Do Women Vote for Women Candidates? Attitudes toward Descriptive Representation and Voting Behavior in the 2010 British Election

Electing Women to National Legislatures

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