‘When Food Kills’: A socio-technical systems analysis of the UK Pennington 1996 and 2005 E. coli O157 Outbreak reports

The Assessment of Food Safety Culture: An investigation of current challenges, barriers and future opportunities within the food industry

“…However, there are also a few challenges with attempting to 585 measure error and safety culture due to the various characteristics of food 586 businesses. Food businesses are complex sociotechnical systems as seen from the 587 study by Nayak and Waterson (2016). Although processes may appear to be simple 588 (e.g., beef production), they go through many steps (e.g., health screening of cows, 589 cleaning, processing, packaging and transportation) and involve a large range of 590 care-processes (e.g., prevention of cross-contamination, working under sterile 591 conditions, temperature control, regular change of clothing, using gloves) 592 (Pennington, 2014).…”

The Evolution and Cultural Framing of Food Safety Management Systems—Where From and Where Next?

“…Further, effective FSMS require the embedding of systems thinking and a clear acknowledgement and understanding of the complexity of the sociotechnical systems that provide the context in which they operate (Kirezieva et al., , ). Nayak and Waterson () analyzed the causes of two foodborne outbreaks rooted in six system levels, which together shape the sociotechnical system in which an organization and its FSMS operate: Government level : Where regulation is developed to control food safety. Regulatory bodies and association level : Where regulation is translated into industry rules and standards designed to address food safety. Organizational level : Where the industry rules and regulation are integrated into the organizational and situational rules and policies. Management level : Where the staff activities and roles are specified and overseen with reference to the organizational level rules and policies. Staff level : Where the staff or work force are required to follow the rules set by their managers, and Equipment and surroundings level : Where the organization's situational rules and policies are applied to ensure compliance with government regulations, industry rules and standards, and organizational rules and policies. …”

“…External context factors that exert influence from the broader context include supply chain, socio-political, legal, and national factors (Kirezieva et al, 2015b). These are also called macro factors by Nayak and Waterson (2016). Internal (or narrow) context factors include product, production, and organizational characteristics (Kirezieva et al, 2013;Luning et al, 2011a), and from a systems viewpoint are termed meso factors with the individual being the micro level (Nayak & Waterson, 2016).…”

“…These are also called macro factors by Nayak and Waterson (2016). Internal (or narrow) context factors include product, production, and organizational characteristics (Kirezieva et al, 2013;Luning et al, 2011a), and from a systems viewpoint are termed meso factors with the individual being the micro level (Nayak & Waterson, 2016). It is important to recognize that the context in which the FSMS operates is narrower than the overall operating environment (broad context) of the organization.…”

“…Further, effective FSMS require the embedding of systems thinking and a clear acknowledgement and understanding of the complexity of the sociotechnical systems that provide the context in which they operate (Kirezieva et al, 2015a(Kirezieva et al, , 2015b. Nayak and Waterson (2016) analyzed the causes of two foodborne outbreaks rooted in six system levels, which together shape the sociotechnical system in which an organization and its FSMS operate:…”