“…In some countries -such as Austria, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom -temporary contracts can serve as a stepping stone to more stable and better-paid jobs (European Commission, 2010, pp. 140-142;de Graaf-Zijl, van den Berg and Heyma, 2011), in other countries -such as Spain, Italy and Greece, but also France and Poland -temporary jobs are seen as traps, from which there is little chance of escaping (D'Addio and Rosholm, 2005;Ichino, Mealli and Nannicini, 2008;Berloffa, Modena and Villa, 2014;Givord and Wilner, 2015). These results suggest that, in some countries, the job insecurity associated with the use of temporary contracts is limited to the first few years of labour market entry, after which the individual enjoys the job security associated with permanent contracts.…”