When Athlete Activism Clashes With Group Values: Social Identity Threat Management via Social Media

Sanderson, Jimmy; Frederick, Evan L.; Stocz, Mike

doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1128549

Cited by 98 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Two medal‐winning U.S. Olympic athletes famously raised a fist during the National Anthem at the 1968 Olympics, and an NBA star refused to stand during the anthem in 1996 (Johnk, ). Before Kaepernick took a knee, several NFL players had been outspoken on justice and violence issues in other ways (Schmittel and Sanderson, ), even bringing that commitment to the playing field when members of the then St. Louis Rams took the field with their hands in the air, symbolically protesting the shooting of Michael Brown by a police officer in nearby Ferguson, Missouri (Sanderson, Frederick, and Stocz, ). Nonetheless, Kaepernick was the subject of an almost unrelenting storm of criticism, including being called a “traitor” by NFL executives who vowed that Kaepernick would never play for their teams (Bondy, ).…”

Section: Overview Of the Nfl Anthem Protestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One, concern over issues involving race is widespread among African‐American athletes (Agyemang, Singer, and DeLorme, ). Two, political activism comes with potential risk, risk to the financial bottom line, to the image one might sell to marketing interests (McDonald, ) and to one's public standing in general (Schmidt et al., ; Sanderson, Frederick, and Stocz, ).…”

Section: Athletes and Activismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Protest Participation in the National Football League

Niven

2019

Social Science Quarterly

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Objectives. What distinguishes between National Football League (NFL) players who participated in protests during the National Anthem and those who did not? Does the finding of a personal vulnerability constraint in high-risk activism apply to this relatively elite population? Methods. Protest participation during 2017 was determined for every NFL player, along with several variables pertaining to their performance, compensation, and the political atmosphere of their team. Results. Bivariate and multivariate tests both reveal that protest participation was far greater among players with large guaranteed contracts and among players who were well regarded for their performance. Conclusions. Economic vulnerability ranges widely within the NFL such that players hold contracts offering guaranteed payments of anywhere between $92 million and nothing at all. The data here suggest that the personal vulnerability constraint documented in protest participation research also applies to this unique population of high-profile people engaged in a most high-profile protest. Documenting the existence of these constraints helps offer a more systematic foundation to our understanding of political activism behavior among athletes.

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Section: Overview Of the Nfl Anthem Protestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Athletes and Activismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Protest Participation in the National Football League

Niven

2019

Social Science Quarterly

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“…For example, Sanderson (2013), in his analysis of a Facebook page dedicated to Brian Kelly's departure from Cincinnati, found that users used the page for rallying, stigmatizing, victimization, intimidation, and degradation. Following the protests in Ferguson, Missouri, and the "hands up, don't shoot" incident, a Facebook page entitled "Boycott the St. Louis Rams" was created in which users primarily renounced their fandom and provided punishment commentary (Sanderson, Frederick, & Stocz, 2016). These same themes were also present on Twitter.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Malice in the Digital Palace: A Commentary on Athletes, Social Media, and Defamation

Frederick

2017

Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport

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The purpose of this commentary is to dissect and discuss the intersection between sport, social media, and defamation claims. Specifically, this discussion is guided by one underlying question: Do social media platforms level the playing field when it comes to one's classification and defamation claims? Various issues are presented, such as media access, an individual's classification and the effect on burden of proof, and how one defines celebrity status in the digital age. Overall, the intention of this piece is to pose thought-provoking questions and elicit meaningful and worthwhile discussion.

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“…Second, research on social and collective identities finds that the openness of CMC gives voice to political (Choi & Park, 2014;Han, 2015) or ethnic groups (Gabriel, 2016;Ribke & Bourdon, 2015;Sanderson, Frederick, & Stocz, 2016) and to online communities (women: Hardaker & McGlashan, 2016;Tanczer, 2015;lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT): Reyes Soriano, 2014) that are struggling to achieve freedom of identity expression in a context of social change.…”

Section: T4: Cmc Does Not Support Identity Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the whole, this dissertation presents its findings through a first-person perspective. From time to time, however, the pronoun "we" is used to emphasize the collaborative effort that went into particular parts of the research (see Chapter 2, Chapter 4 and Chapter 5). Introduction | 15 approach adopted in this dissertation (Section 1.6), and a short summary of the dissertation's contributions (Section 1.7). 1.2 Social movements, collective action and social media: The state of the art 1.2.1 Defining social movements and positioning individuals and organizations within social movements The study of social movements has a longstanding tradition in sociology that dates back to Durkheim's (1912) concept of "collective effervescence" and the Marxian heritage of Habermas (1979, 1987), Touraine (1981), and Calhoun (1982) (for a review of social movements in social theory, see Eder, 2015). Social movement studies are recognized as a scientific, "organizational" (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983) field of investigation and theorizing (Della Porta & Diani, 2015). Nonetheless, the study of social movements has benefited from and expanded thanks to developments in other fields, such as political science, organization studies, and communication science (Della Porta & Diani, 2015). Consequently, the study of social movements is characterized by an interdisciplinary perspective that has produced a variety of definitions of what a social movement is, as well as theories, approaches, and methods to study social movements (for reviews, see, among others,

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When Athlete Activism Clashes With Group Values: Social Identity Threat Management via Social Media

Cited by 98 publications

References 36 publications

The Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Protest Participation in the National Football League

The Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Protest Participation in the National Football League

Malice in the Digital Palace: A Commentary on Athletes, Social Media, and Defamation

Tweet your #Mo and save a Bro

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