What you Say Matters: Exploring Visual–Verbal Interactions in Visual Working Memory

Mate, Judit; Allen, Richard J.; Baqués, Josep

doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.644798

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Moreover, in each of these studies demonstrating effects of verbalization, stimuli that were amenable to verbalization (determined by pilot testing) were chosen. In an investigation of effects of articulation on color-shape memory in which only articulation of visually imaginable phrases harmed visual recognition, participants were given 4 seconds, one second per visual object, to study the objects for a later memory test (Mate et al 2012). In contrast, the stimulus presentation timings we employed (100–300 ms per item, depending on whether inter-stimulus intervals are considered) were substantially faster than those used in paradigms meant to encourage verbalization, and our stimuli were random patterns of colors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of precautionary articulatory suppression is common practice despite evidence that articulatory suppression has not been shown to have a measurable effect on some visual change detection tasks (Luria, Sessa, Gotler, Jolicoeur, & Dell’Acqua, 2010; Mate, Allen, & Baqués, 2012; Morey & Cowan, 2004, 2005), nor have small verbal memory loads (Vogel, Woodman, & Luck, 2001). These studies imply that the precaution of employing articulatory suppression may be unnecessary: participants performed no better without articulatory suppression than with it, suggesting that verbal recoding is not the default strategy for visual change detection tasks as typically administered.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Opportunity for verbalization does not improve visual change detection performance: A state-trace analysis

et al. 2016

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Evidence suggests that there is a tendency to verbally recode visually-presented information, and that in some cases verbal recoding can boost memory performance. According to multi-component models of working memory, memory performance is increased because task-relevant information is simultaneously maintained in two codes. The possibility of dual encoding is problematic if the goal is to measure capacity for visual information exclusively. To counteract this possibility, articulatory suppression is frequently used with visual change detection tasks specifically to prevent verbalization of visual stimuli. But is this precaution always necessary? There is little reason to believe that concurrent articulation affects performance in typical visual change detection tasks, suggesting that verbal recoding might not be likely to occur in this paradigm, and if not, precautionary articulatory suppression would not always be necessary. We present evidence confirming that articulatory suppression has no discernible effect on performance in a typical visual change-detection task in which abstract patterns are briefly presented. A comprehensive analysis using both descriptive statistics and Bayesian state-trace analysis revealed no evidence for any complex relationship between articulatory suppression and performance that would be consistent with a verbal recoding explanation. Instead, the evidence favors the simpler explanation that verbal strategies were either not deployed in the task or, if they were, were not effective in improving performance, and thus have no influence on visual working memory as measured during visual change detection. We conclude that in visual change detection experiments in which abstract visual stimuli are briefly presented, pre-cautionary articulatory suppression is unnecessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Opportunity for verbalization does not improve visual change detection performance: A state-trace analysis

et al. 2016

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“…However, there may be good reasons to believe that this added complexity is justified by the benefits of utilizing both visual and verbal working memory at once. Whereas we have evidence that verbal and visual working memory share resources (e.g., Mate, Allen, & Baqués, 2012;Salmela, Moisala, & Alho, 2014), information that could be stored in either a visual or a verbal format might be more efficiently stored in one or the other. Perhaps for the expressions used, the advantages of processing a pictorial, rather than a verbal, representation justify maintaining a visual format even under the less-than-ideal conditions of Experiments 2 and 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent perceptual grouping effects in the evaluation of simple arithmetic expressions

Rivera

Garrigan

2016

Mem Cogn

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Landy and Goldstone (2007a demonstrated that an explicit rule, operator precedence for simple arithmetic expressions, is enforced in part by perceptual processes like unit formation and attention. When perceptual grouping competes with operator precedence, errors increase. We replicated this result (Exp. 1) and investigated whether perceptual grouping effects persist when the visual stimulus is presented briefly and then masked (Exp. 2) and when verbal recoding is encouraged through vocal expression (Exp. 3). We found that perceptual-grouping effects persisted in the masking condition, suggesting that the mental representations of arithmetic expressions retain visuospatial characteristics. Similarly, verbalization of the expressions did not eliminate perceptualgrouping effects, suggesting that participants were not verbally recoding. In sum, the persistent effects of unit formation and spatial attention emphasize the importance of perceptual processing in the development of human expertise in this domain.

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“…Consistent with these findings, there is also neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of visuospatial processes in backward recall (e.g., Hoshi, Oda, Wada, Ito, Yamashita, Oda,… Tamura, 2000; see also Gerton et al, 2004). Although this suggestion may seem to contradict multistore models of memory (e.g., Baddeley, 2000), which assume that information is stored in domain-specific subsystems, there is evidence that recall of verbal information can be improved by the use of visual imagery (e.g., De La Iglesia, Buceta & Campos, 2005), visual representation of a number line (e.g., Dehaene, 1992), or the presentation of digits within familiar visuospatial configurations (Darling, Allen, Havelka, Campbell & Rattray, 2012; see also Mate, Allen & Baques, 2012). It is possible that such visual strategies are employed more so for backward than for forward recall because they can assist with the transformation of the digit sequence.…”

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confidence: 97%

Are forward and backward recall the same? A dual-task study of digit recall

Clair-Thompson

Allen

2012

Mem Cogn

Self Cite

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There is some debate surrounding the cognitive resources underlying backward digit recall. Some researchers consider it to differ from forward digit recall due to the involvement of executive control, while others suggest that backward recall involves visuospatial resources. Five experiments therefore investigated the role of executive-attentional and visuospatial resources in both forward and backward digit recall. In the first, participants completed visuospatial 0-back and 2-back tasks during the encoding of information to be remembered. The concurrent tasks did not differentially disrupt performance on backward digit recall, relative to forward digit recall. Experiment 2 shifted concurrent load to the recall phase instead and, in this case, revealed a larger effect of both tasks on backward recall, relative to forwards recall, suggesting that backward recall may draw on additional resources during the recall phase and that these resources are visuospatial in nature. Experiments 3 and 4 then further investigated the role of visual processes in forward and backward recall using dynamic visual noise (DVN). In Experiment 3, DVN was presented during encoding of information to be remembered and had no effect upon performance. However, in Experiment 4, it was presented during the recall phase, and the results provided evidence of a role for visual imagery in backward digit recall. These results were replicated in Experiment 5, in which the same list length was used for forward and backward recall tasks. The findings are discussed in terms of both theoretical and practical implications.

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What you Say Matters: Exploring Visual–Verbal Interactions in Visual Working Memory

Cited by 26 publications

References 20 publications

Opportunity for verbalization does not improve visual change detection performance: A state-trace analysis

Opportunity for verbalization does not improve visual change detection performance: A state-trace analysis

Persistent perceptual grouping effects in the evaluation of simple arithmetic expressions

Are forward and backward recall the same? A dual-task study of digit recall

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