‘What's in a face?’ The role of doctor ethnicity, age and gender in the formation of patients’ judgements: an experimental study

Shah, Reena; Ogden, Jane

doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.12.005

Cited by 47 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Stemming from Allport's seminal work (1954), stereotyping has been described as a way to conserve cognitive energy by simplifying information based on social categories such as gender, race, and age. Stereotype activation has been found to influence judgments via numerous forms of stimuli, including job titles (Merritt & Harrison, 2006), names (Steinpreis et al, 1999), and visual cues (Branscombe & Smith, 1990;Shah & Ogden, 2006). Photographs have been used in experimental studies to activate stereotypes which have then been found to influence participants' responses to subsequent stimuli.…”

Section: Stereotyping and Impression Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Photographs have been used in experimental studies to activate stereotypes which have then been found to influence participants' responses to subsequent stimuli. In Shah & Ogden's (2006) experimental study of patients' perceptions of doctors, photographs were used to determine the influence of gender on patients' evaluations of hypothetical doctors. Participants in the study rated female doctors higher than male doctors with regard to having better personal manners, better explanation skills, and better technical ability.…”

Section: Stereotyping and Impression Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender in STEM Education: an Exploratory Study of Student Perceptions of Math and Science Instructors in the United Arab Emirates

Pasha–Zaidi¹,

Afari²

2015

Int J of Sci and Math Educ

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The current study addresses student perceptions of math and science professors in the Middle East. Gender disparity in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education continues to exist in higher education, with male professors holding a normative position. This disparity can also be seen in the United Arab Emirates. As female participation in STEM education lags behind men, it is possible that gender stereotypes may influence students' first impressions of male and female instructors. The United Arab Emirates provides a unique context to study this phenomenon as it is a traditional patriarchal society that is highly dependent on the engineering discipline, especially within the oil and gas sectors. A total of 176 undergraduate students from 2 universities in the United Arab Emirates completed a survey about teaching effectiveness based on their perceptions of photographs of hypothetical male and female instructors. A factor analysis of survey items revealed 2 main subcategories of teacher effectiveness: namely teacher warmth and professionalism. A 2-way between-groups analysis of variance was conducted to explore the impact of teacher gender and student gender on perceptions of overall teaching effectiveness, as well as their perceptions of teacher warmth and professionalism. Findings revealed that there was a significant cross-gender effect on student perceptions of math and science instructors in the United Arab Emirates.

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Section: Stereotyping and Impression Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stereotyping and Impression Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender in STEM Education: an Exploratory Study of Student Perceptions of Math and Science Instructors in the United Arab Emirates

Pasha–Zaidi¹,

Afari²

2015

Int J of Sci and Math Educ

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“…Recent studies have found both that people are more willing to see a female physician (Shah and Ogden 2006) and are more satisfied with female doctors (Delgado et al 1993) than male doctors. However, these studies focused on primary care physicians, and people may have different ideas about what they are looking for in different medical specialties.…”

Section: Willingness To Seementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, perhaps, a recent study indicated that patients may be more willing to see female doctors than male doctors (Shah and Ogden 2006). Participants were shown a picture of a male doctor and a picture of a female doctor without the specialty of the doctor being specified.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Credentials: The Effect of Physician Sex and Specialty on How Physicians Are Perceived

Noori¹,

Weseley²

2011

Curr Psychol

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The experiment investigated the effect of physician sex and specialty on participants' perceptions of doctors. Participants (N=206) viewed a physician profile (male/female orthopedic surgeon or male/female dermatologist) and then evaluated the physician on a survey. While male participants reported they would be more willing to see a female physician and believed female physicians would be more caring, female participants reported they would be more willing to see physicians in counter-stereotypical specialties and rated them as more caring. The study suggests that not only do men and women focus on different things in selecting physicians but also that negative stereotypes of female physicians have dramatically decreased.Keywords Physician perceptions . Sex . Medical specialty Although practitioners of medicine in the United States are disproportionately male, there are indications that women will soon outnumber men in several specialties. Surgical specialties are exceptionally male dominated, and this situation is unlikely to change in the coming years. For instance, in 2008, 96% of orthopedic surgeons were male (Natividad and Schmalz 2008). However, there are some specialties to which female physicians have disproportionately been drawn such as dermatology, pediatrics, obstetrics/gynecology, and family medicine (American Medical Association 2005). In these fields, female practitioners are soon likely to outnumber males.Historically, people have viewed female doctors as less competent than male doctors, but recent studies indicate that patients of female physicians express greater satisfaction than patients of male physicians. Research has yet adequately to explore the potential interplay between physician sex and specialty in shaping ideas about physician quality. This study investigated how these factors affect people's perceptions of a doctor's competence, their willingness to see the physician, and how caring a doctor is perceived to be.

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“…8 The reasons for predilection for a doctor of the same sex are likely to be complex: as well as the perceived practical ease of being examined by someone of the same sex, these may include beliefs about, and preferences for, knowledge, competence, and interpersonal skills. 9,10 Stereotyping of physician attributes by patients may extend to the belief that a doctor of the same sex as the patient will have a significantly greater knowledge of clinical problems specific to that sex. Female patients commonly consult their GP with sex-specific issues, such as breast or gynaecological disease, and male patients may consult with problems such as erectile dysfunction or prostatic disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing performance among male and female candidates in sex-specific clinical knowledge in the MRCGP

Siriwardena

Irish²,

Asghar³

et al. 2012

Br J Gen Pract

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BackgroundPatients often seek doctors of the same sex, particularly for sex-specific complaints and also because of a perception that doctors have greater knowledge of complaints relating to their own sex. Few studies have investigated differences in knowledge by sex of candidate on sex-specific questions in medical examinations. AimThe aim was to compare the performance of males and females in sex-specific questions in a 200-item computer-based applied knowledge test for licensing UK GPs. Design and settingA cross-sectional design using routinely collected performance and demographic data from the first three versions of the Applied Knowledge Test, MRCGP, UK. MethodQuestions were classified as female specific, male specific, or sex neutral. The performance of males and females was analysed using multiple analysis of covariance after adjusting for sex-neutral score and demographic confounders. ResultsData were included from 3627 candidates. After adjusting for sex-neutral score, age, time since qualification, year of speciality training, ethnicity, and country of primary medical qualification, there were differences in performance in sexspecific questions. Males performed worse than females on female-specific questions (-4.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -5.7 to -2.6) but did not perform significantly better than females on male-specific questions (0.3%, 95% CI = -2.6 to 3.2%. ConclusionThere was evidence of better performance by females in female-specific questions but this was small relative to the size of the test. Differential performance of males and females in sexspecific questions in a licensing examination may have implications for vocational and postqualification general practice training. Keywords assessment; general practice; learning; medical education; primary health care; sex.

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‘What's in a face?’ The role of doctor ethnicity, age and gender in the formation of patients’ judgements: an experimental study

Cited by 47 publications

References 4 publications

Gender in STEM Education: an Exploratory Study of Student Perceptions of Math and Science Instructors in the United Arab Emirates

Gender in STEM Education: an Exploratory Study of Student Perceptions of Math and Science Instructors in the United Arab Emirates

Beyond Credentials: The Effect of Physician Sex and Specialty on How Physicians Are Perceived

Comparing performance among male and female candidates in sex-specific clinical knowledge in the MRCGP

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