Languages such as French and Spanish assign a gendered article to nouns. Three experiments examined whether reading a language with grammatical gender would increase sexist attitudes. Suburban, New York high school students (N = 74, 85, 66) were randomly assigned to complete a survey of sexist attitudes in either English or a language with grammatical gender (French or Spanish). Students in the English condition expressed less sexist attitudes than students in the French or Spanish conditions, and the language used affected females more than males. When the experiment was replicated on bilingual students, similar results were found. Males also expressed more sexist attitudes than females. This study suggests that languages with grammatical gender promote sexist attitudes and have particular impact on females.

In this cohort treated with cART, pain was less prevalent and less likely to be associated with HIV disease progression or treatment than indicated by studies conducted prior to the widespread use of cART.

Two Internet experiments investigated how the race/ethnicity and gender of prospective tenants impacted landlord response. Among males, Asian American tenants fared best, receiving 45.2% positive responses. Hispanic and White tenants received a similar number of positive responses (34.7% and 34.0%, respectively), while the African American tenant received the fewest (16.0%). In general, female prospective tenants received more positive responses than did male prospective tenants (40.8% vs. 27.1%); among females, White and Asian American women received more positive responses (67.3% and 60.8%, respectively) than did Hispanic (43.1%) and African American (41.2%) women. The experiments indicated that prospective tenants were more likely to receive positive responses when their race matched that of the neighborhood in which the apartment is located.

The experiment investigated the effect of physician sex and specialty on participants' perceptions of doctors. Participants (N=206) viewed a physician profile (male/female orthopedic surgeon or male/female dermatologist) and then evaluated the physician on a survey. While male participants reported they would be more willing to see a female physician and believed female physicians would be more caring, female participants reported they would be more willing to see physicians in counter-stereotypical specialties and rated them as more caring. The study suggests that not only do men and women focus on different things in selecting physicians but also that negative stereotypes of female physicians have dramatically decreased.Keywords Physician perceptions . Sex . Medical specialty Although practitioners of medicine in the United States are disproportionately male, there are indications that women will soon outnumber men in several specialties. Surgical specialties are exceptionally male dominated, and this situation is unlikely to change in the coming years. For instance, in 2008, 96% of orthopedic surgeons were male (Natividad and Schmalz 2008). However, there are some specialties to which female physicians have disproportionately been drawn such as dermatology, pediatrics, obstetrics/gynecology, and family medicine (American Medical Association 2005). In these fields, female practitioners are soon likely to outnumber males.Historically, people have viewed female doctors as less competent than male doctors, but recent studies indicate that patients of female physicians express greater satisfaction than patients of male physicians. Research has yet adequately to explore the potential interplay between physician sex and specialty in shaping ideas about physician quality. This study investigated how these factors affect people's perceptions of a doctor's competence, their willingness to see the physician, and how caring a doctor is perceived to be.

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