What’s Happening to Our Iodine?

Dunn, John T.

doi:10.1210/jcem.83.10.5209

Cited by 45 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies have shown that not only pregnant women in iodine-deficient regions 9,10,18 but also those residing in iodine-sufficient areas 7,19 may suffer from iodine deficiency. In the United States, where an effective national programme for dietary iodine supplementation has been in place more than 80 years, the most recent study showed a median urinary iodine level of 145 mg/dl 7 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

Azizi

Aminorroya

Hedayati

et al. 2003

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Pregnancy is accompanied by profound alterations in thyroid economy and relative iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary iodine excretion of pregnant women in cities with adequate and more than adequate iodine intake. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on schoolchildren and pregnant women in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion was measured for 438 schoolchildren and 403 pregnant women. In addition, in Isfahan City, thyroid volume was measured by sonography for 30 pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy and for 90 non-pregnant women who also had urinary iodine measurement. Results: Median urinary iodine of schoolchildren was 31.2, 25.0, 20.2 and 19.3 mg/dl in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. Corresponding values for pregnant women were 33.8, 21.2, 19.0 and 18.6 mg/dl. The percentage of pregnant women with urinary iodine below 20 mg/dl was 16, 45, 55 and 54, and below 10 mg/dl was 1, 7, 7 and 13, in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. In Isfahan, urinary iodine was significantly decreased in the third trimester of pregnancy, compared with controls. Mean thyroid volume was 7:8^3:1 ml and 7:8^2:8 ml in pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively. Conclusion: Recommended values for dietary iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant women, and the specific problem of iodine and pregnancy should be considered further in the light of the latest recommendations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

Azizi

Aminorroya

Hedayati

et al. 2003

Public Health Nutr.

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“…2 . This was supported by Dr John Dunn in the accompanying editorial who emphasised the importance of continuing to monitor the iodine status of the population of the USA 22 .…”

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confidence: 96%

The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America

Hollowell

Haddow

2007

Public Health Nutr.

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The concentrations of serum T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone of women with a low UI concentration did not, however, indicate an iodine deficiency. Conclusions: Further studies of the association between iodine excretion and biochemical and physiological changes should be undertaken to better understand women's needs for iodine and to develop criteria to monitor them in pregnancy. Because of the potential harm caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy, we support the use of iodine supplements for all pregnancies while these data are being collected.

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“…Hyperthyroidism may also be induced in people with Graves disease, especially after antithyroid therapy, and in approximately 2% of patients taking amiodarone (33) or other pharmacologic sources of iodine. There is also concern that iodine may induce autoimmune thyroid disease and both papillary and follicular thyroid cancer (1,29).…”

Section: Thyroid Effects Of Excess Iodine Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apparently (38,39). The problem may result from the thyroid gland's inability to limit the uptake of iodine when large amounts are available, after which the accumulated iodine inhibits the synthesis of hormone (36) Excess iodine ingestion may be causally related to autoimmune thyroid disease (1,5). However, a recent study of Japanese subjects who excreted an average of 1.5 mg/day iodine in their urine demonstrated no correlation between antithyroglobulin antibodies or hypothyroidism and levels of urinary iodine (42).…”

Section: Thyroid Effects Of Excess Iodine Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose.

Backer

Hollowell

2000

Environ Health Perspect

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Iodine is an effective, simple, and cost-efficient means of water disinfection for people who vacation, travel, or work in areas where municipal water treatment is not reliable. However, there is considerable controversy about the maximum safe iodine dose and duration of use when iodine is ingested in excess of the recommended daily dietary amount. The major health effect of concern with excess iodine ingestion is thyroid disorders, primarily hypothyroidism with or without iodine-induced goiter. A review ofthe human trials on the safety ofiodine ingestion indicates that neither the maximum recommended dietary dose (2 mg/day) nor the mum recommended duration of use (3 weeks) has a firm basis. Rather than a clear threshold response level or a linear and temporal dose-response relationship between iodine intake and thyroid function, there appears to be marked individual sensitivity, often resulting from unmasking ofunderlying thyroid disease. The use of iodine for water disinfection requires a risk-benefit decision based on iodine's benefit as a disinfectant and the changes it induces in thyroid physiology. By using appropriate disinfection techniques and monitoring thyroid finction, most people can use iodine for water treatment over a prolonged period of time. Key worni goiter, iodine, thyroid disorders, thyroid hormones, water purification, water supply.

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What’s Happening to Our Iodine?

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America

Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose.

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